Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2023
Volume 68, Number 3
Las Vegas, Nevada (March 5-10)
Virtual (March 20-22); Time Zone: Pacific Time
Session M70: Photonic systems for quantum networks |
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Sponsoring Units: DQI Chair: Daniel Higginbottom, Simon Fraser University Room: Room 409 |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 8:00AM - 8:12AM |
M70.00001: Two-node Remote Quantum Network using Silicon-Vacancy Centers in a Diamond Nanophotonic System (Part 1) Yan Qi Huan, Can M Knaut, Pieter-Jan C Stas, Daniel R Assumpcao, Yan-Cheng Wei, Maddie Sutula, Erik Knall, Aziza Suleymanzade, David Levonian, Mihir K Bhaskar, Bartholomeus Machielse, Denis D Sukachev, Hongkun Park, Marko Loncar, Mikhail D Lukin The realization of a long-range quantum network will connect future quantum computers and could enable provably secure communications. Here, we present the silicon-vacancy (SiV) center in diamond as a promising solid-state quantum network platform capable of deployment in a practical setting. In the first of this two-part talk, we show that the 29Si-isotope SiV is highly suited as an integrated two-qubit register with the ability for universal single- and two-qubit gate operations, high-fidelity readout, and possesses a long-lived memory in the nuclear spin. With the choice of a highly strained SiV, we additionally sustain spin coherence properties above dilution refrigerator temperatures. Quantum network nodes also require light-matter interfaces for remote entanglement, and the SiV is optically accessible with excellent in-fiber collection efficiency through implantation in high-cooperativity nanophotonic cavities. We demonstrate efficient heralded spin-photon gates to create electron-photon and nuclear-photon Bell states with integrated error detection – both key components towards the implementation of entanglement distribution across two physically separated nodes, which will be described in the second part of this talk. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 8:12AM - 8:24AM |
M70.00002: Two-node Remote Quantum Network using Silicon-Vacancy Centers in a Diamond Nanophotonic System (Part 2) Can M Knaut, Yan Qi Huan, Pieter-Jan C Stas, Daniel R Assumpcao, Yan-Cheng Wei, Erik Knall, Aziza Suleymanzade, Maddie Sutula, David Levonian, Mihir K Bhaskar, Denis D Sukachev, Bartholomeus Machielse, Hongkun Park, Marko Loncar, Mikhail D Lukin Silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers integrated into diamond nanophotonic crystal cavities provide a high-efficiency spin-photon interface, strong spin-photon interaction, and access to auxiliary memory qubits, which makes them a promising solid-state quantum network platform. In this second part of a two-part talk, we will present on progress towards realizing a quantum link constituted by two SiV-based quantum network nodes spatially separated by 20 meters and connected via optical fiber. Moving from single-node to two-node operation requires suitable emitter entanglement schemes, a robust inter-node experimental setup, and methods for optical frequency matching of two quantum emitters. Extending on the entanglement schemes presented in the first part of this talk, we will be reporting on progress towards efficiently generating Bell pairs of electrons and Si29-nuclei, leveraging integrated error detection. We will be furthermore discussing schemes for entangling multi-dimensional photonic quantum states (photonic qudits) with quantum memories and report on progress towards using these schemes for entanglement distribution between the two quantum network nodes. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 8:24AM - 8:36AM |
M70.00003: Entangling Quantum Memories via Heralded Photonic Bell Measurement Prajit Dhara, Dirk R Englund, Saikat Guha Photonically-heralded Bell swaps have been proposed to generate entanglement between a pair of matter qubits, including superconducting, trapped-ion and color center qubits. The quality of the heralded entangled state depends on whether the photonic qubit is encoded in either the single rail (logical states are the presence or absence of a photon in a mode) or the dual rail (logical states are the presence of a single photon in one of two orthogonal modes) format. We evaluate the density operator of the heralded two-qubit entangled state of the matter qubits, as a function of the aforesaid encoding format, the visibility of the interferometer used for the photonic swap, any residual phase error among the two paths, efficiency and dark noise in the single-photon detectors. We show that the entanglement rate of the dual rail scheme scales as O(η), and that of the single-rail scheme scales as O(√η). But, at low loss (√η< 8 dB), the dual rail achieves a higher rate. In addition to Fidelity of the heralded entangled state, we also quantify a lower bound to the distillable entanglement: the number of ideal Bell states extractable per copy of the noisy entangled state, assuming both parties have fault-tolerant quantum processing, and classical communications. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 8:36AM - 8:48AM |
M70.00004: Enabling strain tuning for cavity-coupled silicon vacancy centers in diamond Michael Haas, Graham Joe, Kazuhiro Kuruma, Daniel R Assumpcao, Katie Barajas, Bart Machielse, Marko Loncar The silicon vacancy center (SiV-) in diamond has emerged as a platform for quantum repeaters due to its bright emission, stability in nanostructures, as well as the long coherence times of its spin state. In particular, it has been integrated into wavelength-scale photonic cavities for realizing high cooperativity (C > 100) spin-photon interfaces as well as electromechanically actuated waveguides for overcoming the inhomogeneous distribution of SiV- centers via strain tuning. Unfortunately, it is difficult to utilize strain tuning in previously demonstrated hole-based diamond nanocavities, due to the poor overlap between the applicable strain profile and the optical mode maxima where SiVs are located. Here we demonstrate a fishbone-like cavity structure that addresses this problem, enabling a color center platform with complete tuning over the inhomogeneous distribution as well as efficient photon extraction. These cavity designs are fabricated in diamond using a quasi-isotropic etching technique. The reflection spectrum of these optical cavities is characterized and an optical quality factor of 7.6 x 103 is observed, corresponding to a spin-photon interface with estimated achievable cooperativity of 20. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 8:48AM - 9:00AM |
M70.00005: All-photonic one-way quantum repeaters Daoheng Niu, Yuxuan Zhang, Alireza Shabani, Hassan Shapourian Quantum repeater is the key technology enabler for long-distance quantum communication. To date, most of the existing quantum repeater protocols are designed based on specific quantum codes or graph states. We propose a general framework for all-photonic one-way quantum repeaters based on the measurement-based error correction, which can be adapted to any Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes including the recently discovered quantum low density parity check (QLDPC) codes. We present a novel decoding scheme, where the error correction process is carried out at the destination based on the accumulated data from the measurements made across the network. This procedure not only outperforms the conventional protocols with independent repeaters but also simplifies the local quantum operations at repeaters. As an example, we numerically show that the [[48,6,8]] generalized bicycle code (as a small but efficient QLDPC code) has an equally good performance while reducing the resources by at least an order of magnitude. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 9:00AM - 9:12AM |
M70.00006: An All-Photonic Quantum Repeater Scheme using Biclique Cluster State Ashlesha Patil, Saikat Guha Photon loss is the main source of error for photonic quantum repeaters. Tree codes have been used in all-photonic repeaters to correct photon loss. We study the biclique cluster state, a local-Clifford equivalent state of the tree code and known as the crazy graph in photonic quantum computing literature, as the resource state for quantum repeaters in an all-photonic architecture. A biclique is a completely symmetric bipartite graph. We encode a Bell state in the photonic biclique state such that a logical qubit of the Bell state is encoded in the physical qubits (photons) in a part of the state. Long-distance shared entanglement is generated using quantum repeaters by first sharing Bell states between neighboring repeaters and then performing Bell-state measurements (BSMs) at the repeaters. BSM on two biclique-encoded logical Bell states can be performed by performing BSM on a single pair of photons from the two logical states. If this BSM fails (due to photon loss), BSM on the next pair is attempted. Only one photon from each Bell state needs to survive for a successful logical BSM. This makes entanglement routing using the biclique-encoded logical Bell states highly loss tolerant. We analyze the entanglement generation rate vs. distance tradeoff for this repeater scheme. We have designed an algorithm for the resource-efficient generation of the biclique state by progressively fusing GHZ states using linear-optical BSM. This algorithm improves upon previous results by recycling states resulting from failed BSMs |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 9:12AM - 9:24AM |
M70.00007: Photonic qubit technologies using lithium niobate Neil Sinclair Transmission and processing of quantum information using light has been pursued for decades. As other systems for manipulating quantum information have also flourished, light continues to have a key role in quantum science and technology, as exemplified by the 2022 Nobel prize in physics. Some of the advantages of light-based qubits are room-temperature operation and transmission of information at high rates and long distances. Optical nonlinearities in solid-state crystals have been a workhorse of optical quantum information science, with lithium niobate standing out due to its combination of low loss, large second-order optical and electro-optic effects, and recently, its ability to be lithographically patterned and etched to form nanoscale devices in integrated circuits. We discuss joint work between Caltech, Fermilab and the Jet Propulsion Lab on quantum photonics experiments for quantum networks using commercially available fiber-coupled lithium niobate devices while also describing work towards integrating these experiments using the thin-film lithium niobate platform developed at Harvard university. Finally, we describe new quantum photonics devices enabled by this platform, touching on their impact for next-generation quantum technology. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 9:24AM - 9:36AM |
M70.00008: Telecom quantum networking with a silicon-vacancy center in diamond Maddie Sutula, Eric A Bersin, Yan Qi Huan, Daniel R Assumpcao, Yan-Cheng Wei, Pieter-Jan C Stas, Aziza Suleymanzade, Can M Knaut, Erik Knall, Bartholomeus Machielse, David Levonian, Mihir K Bhaskar, Denis D Sukachev, Neil Sinclair, Hongkun Park, Marko Lon?ar, Mikhail D Lukin Silicon-vacancy centers in diamond (SiVs) are a promising platform for quantum information applications. Efficient spin photon interfaces realized by coupling SiVs to photonic crystal cavities have enabled demonstrations of memory enhanced quantum key distribution, efficient single photon generation, and entanglement of optically distinguishable emitters. In particular, long electronic spin coherence times and access to nuclear ancilla qubits make SiVs an ideal candidate for use as memories in quantum networks. However, the SiV's 737 nm optical transition experiences strong attenuation in optical fibers, restricting the ability to transmit quantum states over long distances. In this talk, we report on progress towards deployed quantum networking with SiVs in a metropolitan-scale fiber network. We utilize low-noise quantum frequency conversion to realize an interface between SiVs and telecommunication-wavelength photons in the O-band, an important step towards the realization of quantum repeaters based on solid state quantum emitters. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 9:36AM - 9:48AM Author not Attending |
M70.00009: Quantum frequency conversion for QUANT-NET Prathwiraj Umesh Quantum frequency conversion (QFC) is widely employed in quantum networks to frequency convert photons from quantum nodes which are typically at visible wavelengths to telecommunication wavelengths. At Quantnet testbed, we connect ion traps, which emit at 854 nm, at LBNL and UCB over a fiber link of 10km via QFC to demonstrate the functionalities of quantum networks. Towards this, we simulate ridge and reverse-proton exchange-based Lithium Niobate waveguides for conversion from 854 nm to 1550 nm using a pump at 1902 nm. Furthermore we simulate all free-space components that couple 1902nm and 854nm wavelengths to the waveguide and we optimize various parameters of all these components to achieve the highest QFC efficiency possible. Further, we extend these simulations considering silicon G-centers (1280nm). This would pave the way for connecting distant heterogeneous quantum nodes. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 9:48AM - 10:00AM |
M70.00010: Generating and Characterizing GHZ State Using Time-bin Qubits Rahaf Youssef Quantum entanglement is the cornerstone of many algorithms that hold the promise of solving significant classically-intractable problems. While many qubit platforms have demonstrated high coherence times and gate fidelity, photonic qubits are a natural choice for quantum networks due to their low-propagation noise at room temperature. In this work, we present an experimental demonstration of time-bin GHZ that is suitable for quantum communication and also interfacing with other entanglement-based networks. The time-bin GHZ states are generated by interfering a time-bin qubit with one of the members of a time-bin entangled Bell state on a 2x2 switch. Post selection of the photons exiting the two output ports projects the state onto a time-bin GHZ state. We support our experimental results with a characteristic function based theoretical model. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 10:00AM - 10:12AM |
M70.00011: Entangling remote qubits using the single-photon protocol: an in-depth theoretical and experimental study Sophie Hermans, Matteo Pompili, Laura dos Santos Martins, Alejandro Montblanch, Hans Beukers, Simon Baier, Johannes Borregaard, Ronald Hanson A future quantum internet will allow for unprecedented applications like fundamentally secure communication, distributed quantum computation and enhancing the sensitivity of quantum sensors. The envisioned quantum internet will consist of several nodes, connected via quantum entanglement. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 10:12AM - 10:24AM |
M70.00012: Enhancing quantum platforms with efficient and fast photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors Félix Bussières Photonic platforms have led to remarkable developments in the field of quantum technologies, namely for quantum cryptography and linear-optical quantum computing. Here we report the development of high-efficiency (>90%) PNR detectors based on 1) a parallel architecture that is free of crosstalk and latching with up to 8 pixels or 2) a multi-pixel architecture with up to 14 pixels. We will discuss the different architectures with a focus on their relative advantages in terms of resolving photon numbers and in detecting at vastly increased detection rates. We will then show how they have been used in challenging experiments with a significant enhancement of the performance. First, we will report on how these detectors allowed reaching > 60 Mbps of secure key rate in a QKD experiment. Then we will show how they can be used to properly reconstruct the light statistics of coherent and thermal states, and how they allowed at 30% enhancement of the non-classicality of a heralded single-photon source. These detectors have the potential of creating close-to-perfect PNR detectors along with very short time jitters (of a few tens of picoseconds) and very short recovery time (of a few nanoseconds), which could in effect enable further photonic platforms. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 10:24AM - 10:36AM |
M70.00013: Entanglement Swapping at Fermilab Maria Spiropulu, Samantha I Davis Entanglement swapping is a key protocol for quantum communication technologies such as quantum repeaters and quantum key distribution. We perform entanglement swapping at Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory using state-of-the-art superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) and off-the-shelf fiber-coupled components. Bell pairs of time-bin qubits are generated by pumping periodically-poled lithium niobate crystals with pulses of 1536 nm light at a repetition rate of 100 MHz. We first measure the Hong-Ou-Mandel visibility of the interfering photons, which corresponds to a photon indistinguishability of 0.9. Next, we measure the entanglement swapping fidelities in the X(Z) basis with(out) interferometers added to the heralded photon paths. We support our results with a theoretical model derived using phase space methods, which encompasses all experimental imperfections, including loss, multiphoton effects, and photon distinguishability. Our system is a step towards the US Department of Energy’s proposed quantum internet backbone connecting the Office of Science National Labs. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 10:36AM - 10:48AM |
M70.00014: Ultrafast All-Optical Switching of Telecom Single Photons Ujaan Purakayastha, Colin P Lualdi, Paul G Kwiat Low-loss, rapid switching solutions are vital to the development of several applications in quantum information science. Fast routers form an integral component of multiplexing schemes that enable quantum resources such as single-photon generation, long-distance entanglement swapping for quantum communication, and exotic quantum state creation for quantum metrology. The Pockels effect in bulk, electro-optic crystals is a relatively low-loss solution, but suffers from slow switching rates (∼10 MHz) and a high voltage demand of several kilovolts. While on-chip electro-optic modulators address the high voltage problem and offer scalability, these typically suffer from high insertion losses. A simple, yet elegant approach to attain both low losses (< 0.6 dB) and up to THz switching rates is to utilize cross-phase modulation in an optical fiber. A pump pulse induces birefringence in the fiber and a co-propagating signal pulse (of a different wavelength) experiences a nonlinear phase shift as it "walks over" the pump pulse, due to their different group velocities in the fiber. Using this technique, we demonstrate a ∼30 GHz, all-optical switch for 1590-nm photons from a heralded single-photon source, achieving a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼160:1. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 10:48AM - 11:00AM |
M70.00015: Entanglement Measurement in a Two-photon Generalized Werner State with Single-photon Detection Salini Rajeev, Mayukh Lahiri Traditional entanglement measurement techniques require the detection of all entangled particles if the quantum state is not pure. Recently, it has been shown theoretically and experimentally that if one employs quantum interferometry, one can measure entanglement in a certain kind of two-photon mixed states without detecting one of the photons. These mixed states have three free parameters and can be obtained by generalizing Bell states. Here, we extend the method to cover an important case, in which a mixed state is created by adding white noise to the above-mentioned mixed states. Such states can also be viewed as two-photon generalized Werner states. We show how to determine the concurrence of these mixed states without detecting one of the photons. |
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