Session XX01: V: Poster Session II (10:00am-11:00am CDT)

Calculation of the Volume and Density of the universe sphere at the Big Bang moment

The universe mass is about  10⁵³ kg and if we consider the photon as the basis of the Big Bang which is the smallest, fastest, and lightest object in the universe, the volume and density are far different from the information that obtained for the Big Bang before. In other words, the photon is not the desired particle that could have formed the Big Bang sphere. Therefore, we define a special particle called "sub-photon" with dimensions of one billionth of a photon (in terms of radius value). In this paper we will show that this fundamental particle is capable of defining the Big Bang phenomenon. On the other hand, by using this particle we will calculate the volume and density of the Big Bang.   

Physics as mental method

Sound can cut the body and chemical can rot the flesh as one way so it is same to cut the body. Anatomy is dualism as it is cut the monism one body as no start and no ending. So we could delete existence as dualism for the anatomy to rot the flesh and cut. It is just imagine to use the method as the existence cannot be deleted. And it means it can be used to cure mental problem.   

Advancing Parameter Estimation for LIGO's Fourth Observing Run

With LIGO's fourth observing run fast approaching, the new generation of interferometers will be capable of detecting gravitational wave sources with higher signal-to-noise ratios than ever before. In order to keep up, LIGO's post processing algorithms will need to be upgraded to match these higher sensitivity levels. But what if we could combine preexisting algorithms rather than creating new ones to yield the same results? This project aims to use the preexisting parameter estimation algorithms Bilby and BayesWave, which were successfully implemented in LIGO's third observing run, to minimize residuals in gravitational waveform approximants for the new era of binary merger detections.   

A Sensitive Study of CH in Interstellar Molecular Cloud MBM 40

Much of the molecular gas in the universe has been thought to be "dark molecular gas" and undetectable to observations. Recent studies have shown that more sensitive surveys of molecular gas may be able to detect some of the "dark molecular gas", particularly in interstellar molecular clouds. A sensitive study of CH in MBM 40 was developed using Arecibo telescope data of the CH 3335 MHz transition emission line in MBM 40 to trace the lowest-density molecular component. The results indicate a mass of 43.60 ± 19.39 Solar masses which is significantly higher than previous results. This shows that sensitive CH observations can detect at least some of the recently identified "dark molecular gas".   

Using Photometric Redshifts to Identify Host Galaxies in the Rubin Data Preview

Redshift is an important tool used by physicists to determine many properties of distant objects, and to determine the luminosity of transients, if they can be associated with a host galaxy. For large scale photometric surveys, such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), spectral data is not readily available to determine true redshift calculations so an estimation must be made. Using Rubin DP02 data, we estimate the PhotoZ of galaxies, and use this to associate transients with a likely host galaxy. In the first part of this project, a Color Match Nearest Neighbor (CMNN) PhotoZ redshift estimator was made to predict true redshift given only photometric data. The magnitude of each color filter of a test set of 10,000 galaxies was compared to a training set of 100,000 galaxies with known spectral redshift values to determine the most likely match. The test galaxies are then assigned a redshift estimation from this match. Using the CMNN estimator, ~73% of test galaxies were assigned a redshift estimate with 12.4% of those being outliers (|trueZ-testZ|>1.5). The standard deviation of these estimates was 0.1167. In the second part of this project, the Photoz estimator is used to identify host galaxies for Type 1a Supernovas (SN) detected by LSST. Second, we use these redshifts to associate simulated supernova with host galaxies. Using the right ascension (RA) and declination (DEC), the angular separation between the SN and potential host galaxies is found. Using the redshift estimation, we can determine the horizontal offset distance if the SN is at that redshift. For Type 1a SN, the luminosity distance for the SN is determined using the Standard Candle model. We use this to find an approximate line-of-sight distance between the SN and potential host galaxies. Using both the angular and line-of-sight separations, potential host galaxies are ranked based on apparent distance. These candidates will then be compared to the true host galaxy to do determine accuracy. Overall, both these tools will be extremely useful for future science for galaxies and SN's detected by LSST.   

Mild Compression of Radiative Stars by Supermassive Black Holes

A tidal disruption event (TDE) occurs when the gravitational field of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) destroys a star. For TDEs in which the star enters deep within the tidal radius, such that the ratio of the tidal radius to the pericenter distance $eta$ satisfies $eta gg 1$, the star is tidally compressed and heated. It was predicted that the maximum density and temperature attained during deep TDEs scale as $propto eta^3$ and $propto eta^2$, respectively, and nuclear detonation triggered by $eta gtrsim 5$, but these predictions have been debated over the last four decades. We perform Newtonian smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of deep TDEs between a Sun-like star and a $10^6 M_odot$ SMBH for $2 le eta le 10$. We find that neither the maximum density nor temperature follow the $propto eta^3$ and $propto eta^2$ scalings or, for that matter, any power-law dependence, and that the maximum-achieved density and temperature are reduced by $sim$ an order of magnitude compared to past predictions. We also perform simulations in the Schwarzschild metric, and find that relativistic effects modestly increase the maximum density (by a factor of $lesssim 1.5$) and induce a time lag relative to the Newtonian simulations, which is induced by time dilation. We also confirm that the time the star spends at high density and temperature is a very small fraction of its dynamical time. We therefore predict that the amount of nuclear burning achieved by radiative stars during deep TDEs is minimal.   

Rayleigh Scattering into Aikyon Gauge Field Lorentz Bosons in Emergent General Relativity

Virtual Lorentz bosons cause local gauge gravity and spacetime curvature causes general relativity non-locally. The quaternionic classical limit to Bell’s famous theorem identifies fermion produced torsion as locally emergent general relativity. The resulting renormalized Schwarzschild action defines a conserved mass and general relativity becomes a local standard model gauge field. Dirac electrons produce torsion that locally parallelizes aikyon quaternionic space as observed by a single Rayleigh scattering photon. The aikyon quaternionic SL(2,C) gauge field is mediated by the Lorentz boson that minimally couples to localized fermion number at gravitational strength. A Rayleigh scattered photon does not minimally couple to the emergent gauge general relativity and must vanish to preserve the principle of equivalence. The non-Hermitian Schrödinger wave equation simply changes a Rayleigh scattered photon into the particle vacuum, preserving the principle of equivalence. The continuum limit in emergent general relativity enables a Lorentz boson to absorb the reaction energy of a single Rayleigh scattering photon and a Planck mass worth of silica molecules to absorb electron-fermion localization backreaction energy, putting the aikyon Rayleigh scattering interaction on-shell.       

Jupiter's Orbital Perihelion Speed Goes Up

In 2009 (when Jupiter would arrive at its Perihelion in March 2011),  some ideas had been brought forward there are four terrestrial planets which

is the mass-energy center ( of general matter) as a solar system; there are four or five Jovian planets

which is the gas (space-time) center (of dark matter-dark energy) as a black hole system.

 

And dark matter and dark energy take the velocity of Jupiter goes up.

 

Dark matter-energy can change the orbit of an asteroid, and take it impacted near our earth.

See Dayong Cao,  ”Mass, Energy, Space And Time System Theory---MEST A way to help our earth”,

http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2009.MAR.C1.241

 

The orbital speed of Jupiter increased by 0.08% (from  13.06 km/s (in 2009) to  13.07 km/s (in 2020)), and the orbital speed of Saturn increased by 0.4% (from  9.64 km/s (in 2009) to  9.68 km/s (in2020))  (when Jupiter would arrive its Perihelion in Jan 2023).

 

By theory, the orbital speed of Jupiter in 2009, which is nearer Perihelion, is faster than the orbital speed of Jupiter in 2020, but it is contrary in the face.

 

And the orbital speeds of terrestrial planets decreased.

 

Special, the orbital speed of the Mercury decreased by 1%.

 

The orbital equation of the planets can not explain the “special event”.

 

With orbit problems, Scientists consider the ninth planet maybe a black hole and three (three-dimensional)  black holes decide an elliptic orbit (which ought to be a circular orbit) of two merging black holes.  

We need to find out a new orbital equation of the planets to explain why asteroids and comets will impact the earth.

 

Buoyancy and heating force are kinds of forces of spacetime that are negative gravity of dark matter-dark energy.

 

The solar system (with the sun) has the gravity structure and the dark solar system (with the dark sun which is made of dark matter-dark energy) which has the negative gravity structure builds up a flat structure to decide the elliptic orbits of the planets and Planetary disk as a zero curvature.  

 

According to the Minimum surface principle, if the average curvature is zero, a minimum surface has a boundary alike an elliptic curve.                                    

      

 

Both the solar system and the dark solar system also decide the asteroids and comets to impact the earth.

See Dayong Cao, “NASA Warn To Supports My Hypothesis (2011) Which Asteroids Will Impact Our Earth in 2030”

https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/APR20/Session/H12.4

    

Effect of the Jupiter on the James Webb Space Telescope’s Position inSolar Cycles Based on the ‘Solar Cycle Hypothesis’

Based on the “Solar Cycle Hypothesis”, every 11-year solar cycle happens when Jupiter with its 67 Moons pass in the Sun’s orbit in its nearest portion to the Sun, or perihelion, while the Earth is passing between them. In this situation, the gravitational forces between the Sun, Earth, and Jupiter which are along each other become maximum, and variable dislocation (fluctuation) of the Sun’s core goes up. Therefore, the helium-hydrogen fusion becomes maximum inside the Sun and reinforces the electromagnetic fields and consequently, the solar cycle happens [H. Gholibeigian, 2018APS...MARG60171G].

On the other hand, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) which is in the position of the Lagrange point 2 (L2) has a large sun shield that blocks light and heat from the Sun, Earth, and Moon. But, what about the variation of the gravitational field in the L2 position during the solar cycles? I don’t know if Lagrange considered the effect of the solar cycles in his calculation for the definition of the Lagrange points or not. Because, this change in the gravitational field may change the position of the L2 and cause the JWST to lose its position in L2 and be subjected to unbalanced gravitational loads, creating hazards in addition to the massive destructive magnetic fields created.

    

Exact dark energy cosmologies in extended general relativity

Tensor multinomials can be used to create extensions of Einstein's theory of general relativity without introducing extra dimensions of spacetime. One version of such an extended theory was recently shown to have accelerating vacuum and dust solutions. Using the same formulation and a simpler Lagrangian, it is possible to find all plane-symmetric cosmologies with P = ωρ, where ω is a constant. These solutions include three and four-parameter families of dark energy cosmologies, some non-singular everywhere, albeit with negative energy density in the latter case. The theory permits a time-dependent source, μ(τ). for the scalar field equation,  equivalent to a ``time-dependent cosmological constant", or quintessence function. The physical source of the scalar field has a possible interpretation as a charge-squared distribution, with both like and unlike charges contributing equally as sources. In the plasma of the early universe, separated charges drive universal inflation. As matter and anti-matter annihilate and the universe expands, μ(τ) naturally declines by many orders of magnitude.  An example of such a function is given when μ(τ) is proportional to the energy density, and  leads to de Sitter, forcing ω = -1, as it should. This version of extended general relativity can be considered a trial model of what a unification of gravity, electromagnetism, and dark energy might look like when represented by a second-order tensor multinomial. 

    

Alternative techniques for Minkowski spacetime integration

Integration over Minkowski spacetime, an inevitable ingredient of quantum field theory, necessitates use of special techniques such as Wick rotation, in which the practitioner rotates their time axis in the complex plane. Despite its convenience, this procedure lacks physical motivation and, further, while the integration measures are Lorentz-invariant, there is no Lorentz transformation equivalent to a Wick rotation. Recently, a fresh perspective on Lorentz transformations emerged in the form of Renormalized Blended Spacetime (RBS) coordinates that cleverly map from hyperbolic Minkowski spacetime to a flat Euclidean space, accomplished by first "blending" measurements of a single event made in two frames that are separated by a boost and then "renormalizing" such that the magnitude of the spacetime interval is left unchanged. (Note that this, despite redundant nomenclature, is distinct from the usual renormalization performed in QFT.) This presentation will outline two alternative methods, based on RBS coordinates, for computing spacetime integrals without the use of Wick rotation.   

Longevity studies and searches for eco-friendly gas mixture for CMS Cathode Strip Chambers

Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) provide precise measurements of muon track coordinates in the CMS endcap region. CSC uses 40%Ar+50%CO₂+10%CF₄ as a working gas mixture, where CF₄ provides reliable protection against anode wire aging sufficient for CSC operation during the HL-LHC era. However, CF₄ has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 6630 over 100 years, so the CMS CSC community is searching for a way of either lowering the fraction of CF₄ in or excluding it entirely from the CSC gas mixture.

Measurements of the performance and longevity capability of various gas mixtures are primarily done with small CSC prototypes constructed with the original CSC materials strictly following the production technology. Long-term irradiation tests are ongoing at the Gamma Irradiation Facility at CERN with large original CSC chambers.   

Characterization of Magnetic Sensors for MAGNETO Dark Matter Search Experiments

The MAGNETO-χ experiment will search for sub-GeV dark matter using diamond/sapphire crystals and magnetic quantum sensors. Athermal phonons produced by dark matter scattering in the crystals are measured by magnetic quantum sensors capable of sub-microsecond timing resolution. This capability enables enhanced phonon pulse shape discrimination for active rejection of electron-recoil background and low energy noise. Magnetic quantum sensors utilize paramagnetic materials for phonon sensing and SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) magnetometers for measurement of resulting magnetic flux changes. Au:Er paramagnetic alloy materials are synthesized, tested, and characterized for the MAGNETO-χ experiment. Cryogenic magnetic responses at millikelvin temperatures, response speed of the sensors, and magnetic coupling between the sensor and SQUID are demonstrated.

    

Phenomenological QED model in the minimally complete Geometric Representation of Clifford Algebra - What is the Gauge Group?

In geometric representation of Clifford algebra, Pauli matrices are the basis vectors of 3D space, Dirac those of 4D spacetime. Vacuum wavefunction is comprised of the Pauli algebra's 8 components - 1 scalar point, 3 vector lines (orientational degrees-of-freedom), 3 bivector areas, and 1 trivector volume. Interaction is modeled by the Clifford product, sum of dimension-reducing dot and increasing wedge products. The 8 wavefunction components one might take to be E8 root vectors, gauge group generators via the Clifford product.

The 4 fundamental constants (electric charge quantum e, Planck's angular momentum quantum h, speed of light c, and magnetic permeability of space μ) that define the QED coupling constant α permit assigning unique geometrically and topologically appropriate electric and magnetic flux quanta to each of the 8 vacuum wavefunction components. This removes the 3-fold degeneracy of vector and bivector, and increases dimensionality to 10D. Time emerges from interactions, via wedge products' dimension-increasing property. Taking quantum interaction impedances of the modes to be components of the 8 x 8 x 8 S-matrix makes it the gauge group as well. Do we call this E8 x E8 x E8?

In physical spacetime the S-matrix has 6 degrees-of-freedom, 3 each space and phase. Each orientation requires its own phase. Time is the integral of phase, collapses 6D phase space to 4D spacetime. Do we call the physical S-matrix E6, the largest possible unification group according to Georgi? Is Weinberg's preference for E8 x E8 compacted to E6 realized in this approach?   

The Inflective Coordinates, Spaces, and Quantum Fields and Waves

The Inflection Points, IPs are connected to physical effects. To see this, let us think about the topological structure at the origin of beginning concept from nothing in the most compact situation for any event. Such problems bring discussions treating in ill-proved theoretical assumptions because all of them open new successions in a growing set involving what there is just before the beginning of first occurrence of the event. This situation guides to create a space topology in meshed with IPs. The resulted space is named Inflective Space, IS.

Waves around IPs are studied from a point of view to coordinate inflective shapes. The Inflective Coordinates Systems, ICSs are useful to compute the exact solutions. The differential equations are solved with extending the usual separation method after obtaining them in ICSs. These extensions bring out inflective special functions and series. The achieved results give the exact meaning of physics, say Truly True Truth, TTT related with IPs. The waves are calculated around IP propagating from the charges moving near IPs.

The photon model, field equations of Einstein’s relativistic gravitation theory, and relativistic Schrödinger wave equation in an empty IS, including inflective boundaries, are studied with inflective series and solutions are obtained by applying the extracted separation method in both circularly and/or spherically ICSs. The extracted separation method comes with some modifications on extended separation method. The approach extracts TTT.   

UV Freeze-in Leptogenesis via Dark Matter Oscillations

Models of freeze-in dark matter (DM) allow for the generation of the observed baryon asymmetry through the production, oscillation, and annihilation of DM particles. In contrast with earlier studies which have focused exclusively on IR-driven freeze-in of DM, we perform the first study of leptogenesis via UV freeze-in. We introduce two DM fermions and two scalars of different masses to consider two models of leptogenesis: in the mixed UV-IR model, DM freeze-in occurs via both decays of the lighter scalar and scattering of SM particles with a heavy virtual mediator; in the fully UV model, DM is produced only through scattering. Perturbatively solving the quantum kinetic equations, we find parameters consistent with the observed baryon asymmetry and DM abundance in both models; however, the fully UV scenario has a much narrower window of viable parameters. Our results afford points of comparison for understanding the different dynamics of IR and UV leptogenesis and point toward tests for their experimental verification.   

How the Nazis Split the Foundations of 20th Century Physics

A fundamental split in the foundations of physics developed in the 1930s, between relativity and quantum mechanics, which has remained unresolved.  De Broglie first derived quantum waves in 1924, directly from special relativity, and Einstein approved. But in Germany in 1930s, the Nazis viewed relativity or anything related to Einstein as subversive “Jewish Physics”.  I argue that German physicists obscured the relativistic basis for quantum mechanics, in order to avoid dismissal or worse.  Early German QM textbooks led to a split in the foundations of physics that has continued to the present.  An alternative “quantum relativity” picture could reunify physics, but has never been considered.  Such a unified picture may be important both for education and for the future evolution of physics.

Preprint of poster available at https://vixra.org/pdf/2301.0028v1.pdf 

    

Weakly-Supervised Anomaly Detection With Conditional VAEs

Machine learning-based anomaly detection techniques offer exciting possibilities to significantly extend the search for new physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and elsewhere by reducing the model dependence. In this work, we focus on resonant anomaly detection, where we train a Variational Autoencoder in background regions and interpolated into a signal region to provide an estimate of the Standard Model background. This estimate can then be compared with data using a machine learning classifier. We demonstrate this idea by conducting a di-jet resonance search using the LHC Olympics 2020 challenge dataset. Anomaly detection methods have already been used in a few searches at the LHC, but they are still at the very early stage of their development and this work will help to push forward their use in the LHC. Anomaly detection methods using ML augment the presence of potential signals by using other features other than mass. In this work the VAE is conditioned on the di-jet invariant mass and uses six other kinematic variables to generate background events in signal regions. The preliminary results are promising and will help in future LHC anomaly detection searches.