Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2023
Volume 68, Number 3
Las Vegas, Nevada (March 5-10)
Virtual (March 20-22); Time Zone: Pacific Time
Session M72: Kinetic Inductance Parametric Amplifiers and Quantum-Limited Detectors |
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Sponsoring Units: DQI Chair: Michael Hatridge, University of Pittsburgh Room: Room 406 |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 8:00AM - 8:12AM |
M72.00001: Quantum-noise-limited amplification of feeble microwaves using a graphene Josephson junction-based microwave circuit Joydip Sarkar, Kishor V Salunkhe, Supriya Mandal, Subhamoy Ghatak, Alisha H Marchawala, Ipsita Das, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, R. Vijay, Mandar M Deshmukh The core of quantum information processing involves preparing, manipulating, and efficiently detecting quantum states. In cQED architecture probing quantum systems in a single-photon regime is challenging as the output signals that carry information about the quantum state of these systems are very feeble. Hence, amplification with the least added noise is crucial before signal processing at room temperature. The Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPA) are the routinely used devices for low-noise amplification of quantum signals, which improves the signal-to-noise ratio significantly. The existing JPAs are based on Al-AlOx-Al tunnel junctions where magnetic flux is the control knob for biasing the devices. Our recent work demonstrates the implementation of a gate-tunable JPA using a graphene Josephson junction, where we change the device bias using electrostatic gating [1]. Electrostatic control is advantageous over magnetic flux control in cQED devices as it uses a very localized electric field which causes less interference. In addition and in contrast with the Al-based tunnel junctions, the attractive material properties of graphene: low heat capacity, and low electron-phonon coupling, imply a single-photon detector integrated with the quantum noise limited amplifier is realizable using our device. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 8:12AM - 8:24AM |
M72.00002: Novel superconductor-semiconductor low-noise amplifier based on InAs-Al JJFET Zhuoqun Hao, Mehdi Hatefipour, William M Strickland, Theodore Shaw, Javad Shabani, Shyam Shankar Low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) based on traditional III-V semiconductor transistors can achieve many gigahertz of bandwidth and milliwatts of compression power. However, they miss the quantum-limit by an order of magnitude, making them too noisy to directly amplify the signal from superconducting qubit processors. Recently, Josephson Junction Field Effect Transistors (JJFETs) made from InAs-Al superconductor-semiconductor heterostructures have shown promise for building quantum circuits, thanks to their high carrier mobility and the tunability of their supercurrent. Given this new platform which combines the properties of semiconductors and superconductors, we are developing a gate-voltage-tunable quantum-limited parametric amplifier. The gate voltage knob brings widely tunable frequency range and also provides a means to introduce the pump drive for amplification. We will discuss the circuit design, numerical simulation, fabrication, and experimental results for such a parametric amplifier based on InAs-Al JJFETs. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 8:24AM - 8:36AM |
M72.00003: Gate-tunable kinetic inductance parametric amplifier Lukas Johannes Splitthoff, Arno Bargerbos, Marta Pita-Vidal, Jaap J Wesdorp, Christian Kraglund Andersen Superconducting parametric amplifiers enable the preparation and readout of quantum states at microwave frequencies and are essential for quantum computing platforms based on superconducting qubits. Most implementations of such amplifiers rely on the non-linearity from superconducting quantum interference devices or on disordered superconductors, while the frequency tunability arises from flux or current biasing. On the other hand, semiconductor based parametric amplifiers are tunable by local electric fields, which impose limited thermal load on the cryogenic setup and lead to vanishing crosstalk to other on-chip quantum systems. We realize a gate-tunable Josephson junction-free kinetic-inductance parametric amplifier based on a proximitized semiconducting nanowire. This nearly quantum-limited amplifier features standard characteristics of up to 30dB gain and 30MHz gain-bandwidth product. The Josephson junction-free design allows for large saturation powers, magnetic field compatibility and frequency tunability. This realization of this parametric amplifier supplements efforts towards gate-controlled superconducting electronics. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 8:36AM - 8:48AM Author not Attending |
M72.00004: Radiatively Cooled Superconducting Parametric Amplifier with Near-Quantum-Limited Noise Mingrui Xu, Yufeng Wu, Gangqiang Liu, Hong X Tang As a key component in modern quantum technology for high-sensitivity readout, state-of-the-art superconducting microwave amplifiers are usually installed at the milli-Kelvin temperatures for two reasons - to maintain superconductivity for the aluminum junctions and to ensure quantum-limited added noise performance. In this work, we demonstrate quantum-limited microwave readout with a nanobridge kinetic-inductance superconducting parametric amplifier (NKPA) installed at the 4-K plate of a dilution refrigerator. Since NKPA is made from a high-$T_mathrm{c}$ NbN thin film, the reflective amplifier is able to maintain an over-coupled condition at higher temperatures. Therefore, the equivalent temperature of the amplification added noise is cooled to below the material temperature of the amplifier through radiative cooling. This demonstration shows the possibility of moving microwave amplifiers out of the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator, without compromising the readout efficiency, to allow more space and cooling power in mixing chamber for more delicate quantum devices. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 8:48AM - 9:00AM |
M72.00005: Nonlinearity and Parametric Amplification of Superconducting Nanowire Resonators in Magnetic Field Mohammad Khalifa, Joseph Salfi Parametric amplifiers (PAs) can amplify signals with the minimal amount of noise allowed in quantum mechanics. One restriction is that josephson junctions (JJs) and JJ arrays used to build PAs are incompatible with small (milli-Tesla) magnetic fields. Here we demonstrate the world's first parametric amplifier operating at 2000 times higher magnetic fields (2 Tesla), based on the kinetic inductance of a superconducting nanowire (NbTiN) with no penalty for gain and signal-to-noise ratio. This is important because many applications of PAs related nonlinear devices in quantum optics have high magnetic fields, e.g., spin qubits, Majorana fermions, and nano-magneto-optical systems. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 9:00AM - 9:12AM |
M72.00006: Non-degenerate near quantum-limited amplification up to 1T Nicolas Zapata, Ivan Takmakov, Dennis Rieger, Simon Günzler, Wolfgang Wernsdorfer, Ioan M Pop Josephson Junction based quantum-limited amplifiers have become essential components for the detection and readout of microwave quantum circuits. Despite the significant advances made over the last decade on their saturation power and instantaneous bandwidth, they still have limited applicability in systems that require high magnetic fields. The use of kinetic inductance materials like granular Aluminum (grAl), opens the path for low noise amplification in Tesla fields thanks to their in-plane resilience [1] and negligible high order non-linearities [2], which is particularly attractive for axions search [3], readout of semiconducting spin-qubits [4] or operation of single molecular magnet qubits [5]. Here we present a non-degenerate parametric amplifier made of two coupled grAl resonators forming a Bose-Hubbard dimer [6, 7]. We report near quantum-limited 20 dB amplification, with an instantaneous bandwidth of few MHz and signal-to-pump detuning above 100 MHz, which was stable up to 1 T. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 9:12AM - 9:24AM |
M72.00007: Direct measurement of Microwave Vacuum Squeezing with a Kinetic Inductance Parametric Amplifier Arjen Vaartjes, Wyatt Vine, Anders Kringhoej, Tom Day, Andrea Morello, Jarryd J Pla The uncertainty principle imposes a lower bound on the electromagnetic fluctuations of a vacuum field. Using a phase-sensitive parametric amplifier, it is possible to reduce the noise along one quadrature below the uncertainty limit at the expense of increasing it along the other. This so-called 'vacuum squeezing’ allows for measurements beyond the standard quantum limit, which is widely applicable in quantum information and in the detection of weak signals [1]. Squeezing measurements in the microwave domain have so far been conducted using resonant [1] or travelling wave [2] parametric amplifiers relying upon Josephson junctions, where higher order non-linearities and transmission losses in the microwave components have limited the amount of squeezing. Here we report on measurements of microwave vacuum squeezing with resonant parametric amplifiers exploiting the non-linear kinetic inductance intrinsic to thin films of NbTiN. In these devices, a DC-current and a pump tone facilitate phase sensitive (de-)amplification through three-wave mixing [3]. With a calibrated thermal noise source, we first confirm that the noise temperatures of the two amplifiers are well below the standard quantum limit. We then make direct measurements of vacuum squeezing by placing two Kinetic Inductance Parametric Amplifiers in series. [1] M. Malnou et. al. Phys. Rev. X 9, 021023 (2019) [2] J.Y. Qiu et al. arXiv:2201.11261 (2022) [3] D. Parker et al. Phys. Rev. Applied 17, 034064 (2022) |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 9:24AM - 9:36AM |
M72.00008: Detecting the Internal Energy of Photons Through a Graphene Josephson Inductive Readout, Part 1 Ethan G Arnault, Bevin Huang, Woochan Jung, Caleb Fried, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Leonardo M Ranzani, Gil-Ho Lee, Dirk R Englund, Kin Chung Fong Abstract: Detectors that can resolve ultra-low photon fluxes in the infrared and at microwave frequencies are an imperative tool for applications ranging from quantum computing to radio-astronomy. Traditional photodetection tools such as MKIDs and SNSPDs rely on Cooper pair breaking, which limits both the energy resolution and bandwidth of the detector. In these talks, we will discuss a new paradigm in photodetection exploiting Graphene Josephson Junctions (GJJ). Our GJJ relies on the low heat capacity and broadband absorption of graphene, allowing for infrared single photon detection (1) and microwave bolometry at the single-photon level (2,3). Part 1 will focus on the underlying theory allowing for such a measurement, as well as the experimental setup required to measure photons based on their internal energy. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 9:36AM - 9:48AM |
M72.00009: Detecting the Internal Energy of Photons through a Graphene Josephson-Inductive Readout, Part 2 Bevin Huang, Ethan G Arnault, Woochan Jung, Caleb Fried, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Leonardo M Ranzani, Gil-Ho Lee, Dirk R Englund, Kin Chung Fong Detectors that can resolve ultra-low photon fluxes in the infrared and at microwave frequencies are an imperative tool for applications ranging from quantum computing to radio-astronomy. In traditional detectors such as superconducting nanowire and kinetic inductance detectors, the mechanisms for photon detection involve Cooper pair breaking, which imposes a limit on both the energy resolution and bandwidth of the detector. In these talks, we discuss a new paradigm for photodetection exploiting Graphene Josephson Junctions (GJJ). Our GJJ relies on the low heat capacity and broadband absorption of graphene, allowing for infrared single photon detection1 and microwave bolometry at the single-photon level2,3. Part 2 will focus on the experimental progress of integrating our GJJ in a superconducting RF resonator to detect the internal heat generated by infrared photons and microwave photons. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 9:48AM - 10:00AM |
M72.00010: Dark matter search with single-photon resolution Quantum Capacitance Detectors (QCDs) Jialin Yu QCDs, which are based on a charge qubit design, are the most sensitive far-infrared detectors in 1.5 THz regime. Apart from their current application in space telescopes for infrared spectroscopy, they have single-photon sensitivity that can be utilized to look for ultralight Dark Matter at the meV mass scale. This talk will give an overview of our attempts to characterize a QCD using a weak Josephson Junction based THz photon source. Furthermore, we will discuss readout and optimization of these detectors to reduce the current dark count rate of 100 Hz, with the goal of reaching sensitivities needed for ultralight Dark Matter detection. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 10:00AM - 10:12AM |
M72.00011: Multiplication and detection of photons using inelastic Cooper-pair tunneling in Josephson junctions Nicolas Bourlet, Romain Albert, Joel Griesmar, Florian Blanchet, Ulrich Martel, Max Hofheinz Linear amplifiers do not allow couting of photons because of their added noise. Instead one usually uses a photon detector, but in opposition to linear amplifiers, those detectors are non-linear non-unitary devices with a binary outcome. None of these devices is able discriminate photon numbers in itinerant quantum states, an important task in many quantum sensing applications. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a microwave photon-multiplication scheme based on inelastic tunneling of Cooper pairs through a voltage biased Josephson junction, which multiplies the photon number by an integer factor. It is linear in photon number and unitary by deamplifying phase information by the same factor. We achieve a 3-fold multiplication, with efficiency above 0.7. This device loses phase-information but does not require any dead time or time binning. We expect a fully optimized device based on this scheme to achieve number-resolving measurement of itinerant photons with low dark count which would offer new possibilities in a wide range of quantum sensing and quantum computing applications. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 10:12AM - 10:24AM |
M72.00012: A Superconducting Tunable Cavity for Axion Dark Matter Detection in the Microwave Regime Fang Zhao, Akash Dixit, Ziqian Li, Tanay Roy, Riju Banerjee, Ankur Agrawal, Andrei Vrajitoarea, Morgan Lynn, Kan-Heng Lee, David Schuster, Aaron Chou Dark matter candidates, such as the axion or hidden photon, could convert to light. Current dark matter searches based on resonant cavities coherently accumulate the field sourced by the dark matter at fixed frequencies and use a near-quantum limited amplifier to read out the cavity signal. The capability of in-situ frequency tuning of the resonant cavity will be a powerful tool to scan through the relevant axion mass range effectively. Here, we present the development of a tunable cavity architecture using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) through dc flux-biasing while maintaining a good coherence time, allowing us to perform a dark matter mass range scan close to quantum limited noise. We also employ a robust microwave photon counting technique through repeated quantum nondemolition measurements harnessing a transmon qubit for hidden-photon dark matter detection [1]. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 10:24AM - 10:36AM |
M72.00013: Superconducting 3D-cavity architecture for microwave single-photon detection Kirill G Fedorov, Yuki Nojiri, Kedar E Honasoge, Michael Renger, Maria-Teresa Handschuh, Florian Fesquet, Fabian Kronowetter, Achim Marx, Rudolf Gross Microwave single-photon detectors (SPDs) are essential quantum devices required in a large variety of quantum communication and quantum computation protocols. First microwave SPDs have been realized on the basis of superconducting qubits and resonators. Here, we experimentally study an SPD design compatible with a superconducting 3D-cavity architecture. We exploit the multimode nature of horseshoe aluminum cavities in combination with transmon qubits to experimentally realize an efficient detection of single microwave photons. We analyze the performance of such devices and discuss their possible applications in quantum microwave communication and sensing protocols. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 10:36AM - 10:48AM |
M72.00014: Squeezed light detection with an integrated coherent optical receiver Volkan Gurses, Samantha I Davis, Venkata Ramana Raju Valivarthi, Esme G Knabe, Maria Spiropulu, Ali Hajimiri In recent years, silicon photonics has enabled unprecedented scaling of quantum optical systems and cost-effective integration of electronics for the generation, processing, and readout of quantum light. Quantum optoelectronic processing and readout are especially advantageous with silicon photonics via on-chip coherent optical receivers, which amplify the signal to achieve quantum-limited sensitivities and extract signal quadrature information with high bandwidths. In this work, we develop and realize a silicon photonic integrated coherent receiver with a small form factor, low knee power, and high shot-noise clearance. With the realized on-chip receiver, we detect squeezed vacuum and implement deterministic phase control for quantum state tomography. Furthermore, we devise a noise model and outline a design guide to aid the development of quantum-limited coherent optical receivers for both classical and quantum technologies. Our work paves the way for large-scale integration of these receivers for practical applications in quantum-enhanced optical communications, metrology, and photonic quantum computing. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 10:48AM - 11:00AM |
M72.00015: Software-based phase locking of squeezed light with balanced photodetection Esme G Knabe, Volkan Gurses, Samantha I Davis, Venkata Ramana Raju Valivarthi, Lautaro Narvaez, Neil Sinclair, Ali Hajimiri, Maria Spiropulu The detection of squeezed light has numerous applications in quantum optical communications, metrology, and photonic quantum computing. Balanced detection with coherent receivers provides a straightforward way to measure the quadrature statistics of these states for quantum state tomography. In this work, we develop a software-based phase-locking scheme compatible with any balanced detection setup using the coherent receiver output as the error signal. Due to its ease of use and software-based implementation, the developed scheme allows phase locking of squeezed light to an arbitrary quadrature without adding optical taps or lossy optical components. We implement our phase locking scheme with an off-the-shelf coherent receiver and an on-chip coherent receiver integrated on a silicon photonics platform. We develop a phase noise model to characterize the effectiveness of the locking scheme and quantify the errors in both phase-locked experimental setups. |
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