Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2015
Volume 60, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 2–6, 2015; San Antonio, Texas
Session W8: Focus Session: Optical And Electrical Properties Of Metamaterials And Photonic Crystals |
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Sponsoring Units: DCMP Chair: Patrick Vora, George Mason University Room: 006C |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 2:30PM - 2:42PM |
W8.00001: Broadband Tunable Transparency in rf SQUID Metamaterial Daimeng Zhang, Melissa Trepanier, Oleg Mukhanov, Philipp Jung, Susanne Butz, Alexey Ustinov, Steven Anlage We demonstrate a metamaterial with broadband tunable transparency in microwave electromagnetic fields. This metamaterial is made of Radio Frequency Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (rf SQUIDs) [1]. We show both experimentally and theoretically that the resonance of this metamaterial totally disappears when illuminated with electromagnetic waves of certain power ranges, so that waves can propagate through the metamaterial with little dissipation in a wide frequency spectrum. Unlike traditional electromagnetically induced transparency, high transmission through this metamaterial is due to the intrinsic nonlinearity of the rf SQUID. Transparency occurs when the metamaterial enters its bistability regime. We can control the metamaterial to be transparent or opaque by switching between the two states depending on the initial conditions and signal scanning directions. We also show that the degree of transparency can be tuned by temperature, power of the incident wave, and dc magnetic field and discuss analytical and numerical models that reveal how to systematically control the transparency regime. The metamaterial has potential application in fast tunable digital filter, power limiter and auto-cloaking. \\[4pt] [1] M. Trepanier*, Daimeng Zhang*, Oleg Mukhanov, Steven M. Anlage, Phys. Rev. X 3, 041029 (2013) [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 2:42PM - 2:54PM |
W8.00002: Plasmonic metastructures exhibiting a narrow transparency window within a broad extinction spectrum Lucas V. Besteiro, Hui Zhang, Kivanc Gungor, Hilmi Volkan Demir, Alexander Govorov Metallic nanostructures have proven to be a valuable resource in accessing new ways of manipulating light, allowing the creation of novel metamaterials with a number of different applications. By controlling the size and geometry of these structures they can be tailored to strongly interact with specific wavelenghts of incident light. We propose an approach to the design of composite systems that takes advantage of that property. Using finite elements calculations, we have studied several structure geometries suitable to be deployed using lithographic or colloidal synthesis techniques, such as discs, nanorods and nanocrosses. We discuss specific layouts of these structures, arranged in a modular fashion, to construct plasmonic metamaterials with a wide extinction profile that also present a transparency window for a narrow range of frequencies. This kind of metamaterials, made in the form of plasmonic metasolutions or as a stacked solid-state metastructure, may be used to create frequency filters for electromagnetic radiation. To realize this objective, it is instrumental to choose the right ensemble of nanostructures and to control the interaction between them. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 2:54PM - 3:06PM |
W8.00003: Metasurfaces based on Gallium Nitride High Contrast Gratings at Visible Range Zhenhai Wang, Shumin He, Qifa Liu, Wei Wang, Yongjin Wang, Hongbo Zhu Metasurfaces are currently attracting global attention due to their ability to achieve full control of light propagation. However, these metasurfaces have thus far been constructed mostly from metallic materials, which greatly limit the diffraction efficiencies because of the ohmic losses. Semiconducting metasurfaces offer one potential solution to the issue of losses. Besides, the use of semiconducting materials can broaden the applicability of metasurfaces, as they enable facile integration with electronics and mechanical systems and can benefit from mature semiconductor fabrication technologies. We have proposed visible-light metasurfaces (VLMs) capable of serving as lenses and beam deflecting elements based on gallium nitride (GaN) high contrast gratings (HCGs). By precisely manipulating the wave-fronts of the transmitted light, we theoretically demonstrate an HCG focusing lens with transmissivity of 83.0{\%} and numerical aperture of 0.77, and a VLM with beam deflection angle of 6.03$^{\circ}$ and transmissivity as high as 93.3{\%}. The proposed metasurfaces are promising for GaN-based visible light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which would be robust and versatile for controlling the output light propagation and polarization, as well as enhancing the extraction efficiency of the LEDs. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 3:06PM - 3:18PM |
W8.00004: Interface States between two one-dimensional Hyperbolic Metamaterials Ieng-Wai Un, Ta-Jen Yen In this work, we investigate the interface state(IFS) between two 1D hyperbolic metamaterials(1DHMM). At first, we scrutinize the existence of IFS in three kinds of interface-dielectric/1DHMM, metal/1DHMM, and 1DHMM/1DHMM, respectively. We find that these interface states depend on three factors of thicknesses ($a_d$, $a_m$), dielectric constants ($\epsilon_d$, $\epsilon_m$), and the transverse momentum $k_T$ in the 1DHMM. For the case of $a_d>a_m$, the 1DHMM behaves like metal(dieletric) as $k_T < k_T^{xc}$ ($k_T > k_T^{xc}$) because IFS exists in the dielectric/1DHMM (metal/1DHMM) interface. As for the case of $a_d < a_m$, no band crossing occurs and IFS can occur in the dielectric/1DHMM interface. Furthermore, we show the existence of the IFS between the dielectric-like 1DHMM and metallic-like 1DHMM. Notice that all IFS's appear in the plasmonic band gap of the 1DHMM, and the dielectric- or metallic-like properties of the 1DHMMs are strongly related to the symmetry of the band edge states; in addition, the band crossing occurs at the band center with $k_T = k_T^{xc}$ and is contributed from the material dispersion. In conclusion, we present a simple method to determine the existence of the IFS in three kinds of interfaces and the surface properties of 1DHMM from its bulk properties. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 3:18PM - 3:30PM |
W8.00005: Electrodynamic Tensor Properties of Periodic Arrays Diana Strickland, Arturo Ayon, Andrea Alu Using a generalized Green function approach, we extend a first principles homogenization theory [1] to derive the complete electrodynamic tensor properties of moderately subwavelength particles in regular arrays. We illustrate the power of this model by investigating arrangements with transverse and axial linear dipole excitations, finding the first fully dynamic tensor properties for cylinder arrays and discovering significant magnetoelectric effects from centrosymmetric, homogenous particles, an effect associated with weak spatial dispersion. This theory is valid for general linear media, including nonreciprocal or active materials. We also expect these results to be useful in describing the response of arrays of particles with complex bianisotropic polarizabilities, in order to synthesize artificially structured materials with exotic properties such as metamaterials. [1] A. Al\`{u}, ``First-principles homogenization theory for periodic metamaterials,'' \textit{Physical Review B}, \textbf{84}, 075153 (2011). [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 3:30PM - 3:42PM |
W8.00006: Metasurface-Enabled Anisotropic Quantum Vacuum over Macroscopic Distances Pankaj Jha, Xingjie Ni, Chihhui Wu, Yuan Wang, Xiang Zhang Quantum vacuum(QV) of an electromagnetic field has a profound effect of the optical response of a quantum emitter. QV in the vicinity (few tens of nm) of a metallic interface is strongly anisotropic and can be harnessed to induce quantum interference among the spontaneous emission channels from nearly degenerate excited states in a multi-level atom. Unfortunately, trapping an atom within this range is extremely challenging in experiments. Here, utilizing the exceptional light manipulation properties, both phase dependent and polarization selective response, of a metasurface we engineer the reflected field, from the spontaneous emission, back to the atom itself. A strong anisotropy in the decay rate of the atom is induced even when the atom is located at some macroscopic distance from the metasurface. Quantum vacuum engineering with metasurface will create unprecedented opportunities for long-range interaction between quantum emitters, new regime of cavity-free QED, solid-state quantum optics, spintronics etc. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 3:42PM - 3:54PM |
W8.00007: Strategy for designing broadband vibration isolation systems through exactly solvable models of graded elastic networks Ka Ki Ng, Wai Soen Chan, Kin Wah Yu Motivated by the need of seismic base isolation, we have proposed a strategy to design vibration isolation systems to achieve near-zero amplitude vibration under external excitations over a broad frequency band. The strategy combines two ideas from previous works: (i) zeros assignment for broadband epsilon-near-zero metamaterials [Sun, and Yu (2012)]; and (ii) the localization of vibrational modes in graded elastic networks [Xiao, Yakubo, and Yu (2006)]. Firstly, we aim to assign zeros (anti-resonance frequencies) over an operating frequency band. Starting from an exactly solvable model of zigzag diatomic chains, we demonstrate a one-to-one correspondence between the zeros and one type of the masses after solving the models. Hence, the zeros can be assigned at will by tuning the masses. Secondly, in order to achieve further vibrational suppression by gradon localization, a band overlapping picture is applied to tune the rest of the masses to an optimal value. The results can be generalized to 2D and 3D structures for more realistic applications. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 3:54PM - 4:06PM |
W8.00008: Ultra-broadband sound absorption by acoustic metamaterials Xue Jiang, Bin Liang, Jian-chun Cheng Metamaterials with extraordinary properties unavailable in nature have opened up new design possibilities. Acoustic absorbers are of particular significances for acoustics-based devices and find applications in various scenarios, but subject to the inherent restriction of the natural acoustical parameters and limited operating bandwidth. We report the theoretical design, numerical calculation and experimental study on the realization of a metamaterial-based acoustic absorber with a simple yet efficient structure. The proposed acoustic absorber works in an ultra-broad band without restricted by the material type or requiring extra absorbing material. Such distinct effects stem from the localization and dissipation of different spectrum components at predesigned spatial positions. Theoretical predictions developed based on classical acoustic theory agree well with numerical and experimental results. The realization of ultra-broadband acoustic absorber with unique properties of stiffness and environmental-friendliness has paved the way for designing conceptual acoustic devices, and has potential applications in situations with special requirements on acoustic absorption characteristics. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 4:06PM - 4:18PM |
W8.00009: Strong Coupling of Terahertz Cyclotron Resonance with a One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Cavity Minhan Lou, Qi Zhang, Rodion Kononchuk, Andrey Chabanov, Junichiro Kono Achieving strong light-matter interaction is essential for the study of cavity quantum electrodynamics. In the ultrastrong coupling regime, where the ratio of the vacuum Rabi splitting to the transition frequency is close to or larger than one, intriguing quantum effects, e.g., the Bloch-Siegert Shift and interaction-dependent ground states, are expected to appear, due to the breakdown of the rotating wave approximation. Since this ratio increases with the transition wavelength, going to the terahertz (THz) range is promising for exploring new strong-coupling phenomena. Here, we experimentally demonstrate strong coupling between the cyclotron resonance of a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas and a photonic defect mode in a one-dimensional (1D) THz photonic crystal (PC) cavity. Compared to THz cavities based on split-ring metamaterials, the 1D PC cavity exhibits a higher quality ($Q)$ factor and lower loss, in spite of a larger mode volume. Our 1D PC cavities consist of quarter-wave intrinsic silicon / sapphire slabs and air gaps. The $Q$ factor can be tuned in a wide range by changing the materials and the number of layers. An ultrathin modulation-doped GaAs quantum well is placed at the electric field maximum of the defect mode in the 1D THz PC cavity. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 4:18PM - 4:30PM |
W8.00010: Unidirectional Spectral Singularities Hamidreza Ramezani, Hao-kun Li, Yuan wang, Xiang Zhang We introduce a new class of spectral singularities with directional response emerging from the interplay of parity-time (PT) symmetry and Fano resonances. We show that, without breaking the reciprocity, one is able to obtain a simultaneous unidirectional lasing and unidirectional reflectionless mode. For such a mode one side reflection tends to infinity, the other side reflection becomes zero, and the transmission coefficient remains finite. These singularities emerge from the resonance trapping and delay time associated with the reflected signal residing in the gain or loss part of the parity-time symmetric cavity. In addition, we show that in the absent of loss (gain) and at threshold gain (loss), the structure still acts as a unidirectional laser (reflectionless system). In the passive-loss case our structure acts as a unidirectional perfect absorber. When the system possesses pure balanced gain, transmission and reflection from the left and right side of the system tends to infinity and we recover the conventional lasing modes. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 4:30PM - 4:42PM |
W8.00011: Light propagation in synthetic pseudo-passive media with balanced gain and loss Ali Basiri, Tsampikos Kottos, Ilya Vitebskiy Optical materials exhibiting exotic values of permittivity $\varepsilon $ and/or permeability $\mu $ are often prohibitively lossy. This is especially true for composite optical metamaterials. A natural solution to the problem is to add a gain component and, thereby, to offset the losses. There are two different ways to do so. The first one involves a photonic structure composed of judiciously arranged loss and gain components. A well-known example of such balanced loss-gain structures is the so-called PT symmetric photonic crystals. An alternative approach is to compensate the losses with gain while preserving uniformity of the medium. Here we consider this second case where both constituents are complex such that $\varepsilon =\varepsilon $'$+$i$\varepsilon $''; $\mu =\rho^{2}\varepsilon $* with $\rho $ being real. In this case the material would have a uniform real refractive index n$=\surd \varepsilon \mu =$n*. We demonstrate that this type of pseudo-passive synthetic structures show novel transport characteristics uncommon to regular lossless structures. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 4:42PM - 4:54PM |
W8.00012: Localized Guided-Mode and Cavity-Mode Double Resonance in Photonic Crystal Nanocavities Xuqing Liu, Takashi Shimada, Ryohei Miura, Satoshi Iwamoto, Yasuhiko Arakawa, Yuichiro K. Kato We investigate the use of guided modes bound to defects in photonic crystals for achieving double resonances. Photoluminescence enhancement by more than three orders of magnitude has been observed when the excitation and emission wavelengths are simultaneously in resonance with the localized guided mode and cavity mode, respectively. We find that the localized guided modes are relatively insensitive to the size of the defect for one of the polarizations, allowing for flexible control over the wavelength combinations. This double resonance technique is expected to enable enhancement of photoluminescence and nonlinear wavelength conversion efficiencies in a wide variety of systems. For example, such tuning of double resonance would be particularly effective for carbon nanotubes that show sharp absorption peaks [1]. \\[4pt] [1] R. Watahiki, T. Shimada, P. Zhao, S. Chiashi, S. Iwamoto, Y. Arakawa, S. Maruyama, and Y. K. Kato, Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 141124 (2012). [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 4:54PM - 5:06PM |
W8.00013: Self-assembled tunable photonic hyper-crystals Igor Smolyaninov, Vera Smolyaninova, Bradley Yost, David Lahneman, Thomas Gresock, Evgenii Narimanov We demonstrate a novel artificial optical material, the photonic hyper-crystal, which combines the most interesting features of hyperbolic metamaterials and photonic crystals. Similar to hyperbolic metamaterials, photonic hyper-crystals exhibit broadband divergence in their photonic density of states due to the lack of usual diffraction limit on the photon wave vector. On the other hand, similar to photonic crystals, hyperbolic dispersion law of extraordinary photons is modulated by forbidden gaps near the boundaries of photonic Brillouin zones. Three dimensional self-assembly of photonic hyper-crystals has been achieved by application of external magnetic field to a cobalt nanoparticle-based ferrofluid. Unique spectral properties of photonic hyper-crystals lead to extreme sensitivity of the material to monolayer coatings of cobalt nanoparticles, which should find numerous applications in biological and chemical sensing. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 5:06PM - 5:18PM |
W8.00014: Optical properties of self-induced plasma structures Rotem Kupfer, Boris Barmashenko, Ilana Bar We show, using detailed particle-in-cell simulations and a simplified theoretical model, how to manipulate femtosecond laser produced plasma to form functional structures by using the interference pattern of two or more beams. Two examples will be presented: The use of Moir\'e pattern of two intersecting beams to create a waveguide array and plasma-made photonic crystal generated by two pairs of counter propagating beam. We will discuss the implications of this phenomenon to the prospect of plasma based lasers. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 5:18PM - 5:30PM |
W8.00015: Optical instabilities and spontaneous light emission in moving media Mario Silveirinha We show that when an uncharged plasmonic material is set in relative motion with respect to another uncharged polarizable body the system may be electromagnetically unstable. Particularly, when the relative velocity of the two bodies is enforced to remain constant the system may support natural oscillations that grow exponentially with time, even in presence of realistic material loss and dispersion. It is proven that a friction-type force acts on the moving bodies to oppose their relative motion. Hence, the optical instabilities result from the conversion of kinetic energy into electromagnetic energy. This new purely classical phenomenon is analogous to the Cherenkov and Smith-Purcell effects but for uncharged polarizable matter. We link the optical instabilities to a spontaneous parity-time symmetry breaking of the system, and demonstrate the possibility of optical amplification of a light pulse in the broken parity-time symmetry regime. [Preview Abstract] |
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