Session K17: Poster Session II (2:00-4:00 pm)

Quantifying Uncertainty in Particle Physics using Probabilistic Graphical Models

Measurements in particle physics have inherent uncertainties, which may be caused by intrinsic stochasticity or introduced through the experimental setup. These uncertainties are critical to differentiating scientific theories and are of particular interest when solving inverse problems, where causes are determined from observations – such as localization of an interaction within a detector. Neural networks and some machine learning algorithms can be used to calculate uncertainties using parameter estimation, but are limited in their ability to quantify uncertainties on an event by event basis. Alternatively, probabilistic graphical models use a graph-based representation and make use of the independences between variables to more compactly represent complex probability distributions. We present a method which uses a probabilistic graphical model to infer posterior probabilities and then demonstrate its capabilities using the example of localization of interactions within a detector in a dark matter direct detection experiment.   

Constituent Counting Rule on Various Meson-Baryon Photoproduction Reactions

The Constituent Counting Rule (CCR), inspired by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), offers an elegant approximation on the differential cross section (with respect to the Mandelstam variable “t”) of a reaction that produces two particles, with the number participating elementary fields “n". For hard scattering at large angles, the behaviour is the following dσ/dt ∽ 1/s^n-2, where “s" is the Mandelstam variable. Specifically, on meson-baryon photoproduction reactions: n-2 = 7. However, evidence suggests that this does not hold true for all reactions at all kinetmatic regimes. We present a compehensive study for various meson-baryon photoproduction reactions in an “s" range of 3-8 GeV². We investigate the evolution of the scaling for changing hard scattering conditions, such as the four-momentum transferred (-t) and the transverse momentum (p_⊥²) of the produced particles. This study offers a unique perspective of the underlined production mechanisms.   

Solving leptonic (g-2) anomalies with a single Z'

In light of independent verification of the muon (g-2) anomaly by Fermilab and hints of a similar anomaly in the electron sector emerging from the improved measurement of fine-structure constant, it is important to ask if both these anomalies could have a common origin. I will talk about one such attempt involving contributions from a single Z’ of a U(1)’ extension to the Standard Model (SM). I will first describe a model-independent analysis of various experimental constraints on the Z’ couplings to leptons and show that only a narrow region of parameter space with a MeV-scale Z’ can account for both the anomalies. Following this conclusion, I will show that any attempt to realize these couplings in a specific U(1)’ extension of the SM fails as a result of an additional constraint from the gauge structure, and the stringency of neutrino scattering bounds. This leads us to conclude that no single U(1)’ extension can resolve both the anomalies unless additional fields are introduced.   

Massless Neutrino Oscillation in Quantum Impedance Networks - the Mixing Matrix

All experimental data is consistent with massless neutrinos. There exist possibilities other than rest mass differences to explain oscillation. Vacuum impedance seen by the photon can be calculated from its excitation of the virtual Dirac electron wavefunction. Extending that wavefunction to the full eight components of 3D Clifford algebra permits identification of plausible neutrino modes and the differing quantized vacuum impedances they excite. Resulting differential phase shifts provide an alternative explanation of mode mixing.   

Predicting the missing transverse momentum trigger rate at ATLAS with machine learning

One of the challenges of the ATLAS missing transverse momentum trigger is understanding how the trigger rate will evolve with the number of proton collisions per bunch crossing, or pileup. In the past, the data have been fit to parametric functions and extrapolated to higher pileup values. In this poster, we present a new technique using machine learning regression models to describe the trigger rate, and allow for extrapolation to higher values of pileup.   

Quantum K-Means Algorithm for Signal Processing and Quantum Entanglement in Higgs Boson Decay to Four Leptons

Quantum entanglement is a property of quantum mechanics that has generated interest

since its discovery in the 1930s.  In this presentation, we discuss an experimental analysis

result that reinforces proof of quantum entanglement and its consequences at collider energies

in particle physics by analyzing the decay of the Higgs Boson to four leptons. Additionally, 

we discuss the use of the quantum k-means machine learning algorithm for more advanced

signal processing in High Energy Physics, and the small-scale implementation we've run on

the Higgs Boson decay Monte Carlo data.   

Development of a crossed-dipole antenna for future in-ice radio neutrino experiments

We present a new antenna design for in-ice radio experiments that aim to detect ultra-high-energy neutrinos.  In-ice radio experiments utilize antennas that are horizontally polarized and vertically polarized to measure the polarization of the incoming radio signal, which is used to reconstruct the incident neutrino direction.  For experiments with antennas located below the surface of the ice in boreholes, such as the Radio Neutrino Observatory (RNO-G) and the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA), it is a challenge to build a broadband, well-matched, horizontally-polarized antenna that can be deployed into the ice in a relatively small-diameter borehole. We describe the design, construction, and preliminary results for a new horizontally-polarized crossed-fat-dipole antenna that we will investigate using in future in-ice neutrino detection experiments.     

New explanation for beta decay beyond the Standard Model

Beta decay is a type of nuclear decay that occurs in 2 types: β- and β+. In β- decay, weak nuclear force causes the neutron to decompose into the following particles: n⁰ is converted to a proton, an electron and one antineutrino.  In β+, protons convert to neutrons, creating a positron and a neutrino.

But the mass and nature of neutrino is still unknown. Neutrino oscillation experiments have finally provided the incontrovertible evidence that neutrinos mix and have finite masses. These results represent the strongest demonstration that the Standard Model of electroweak interactions is incomplete and that new Physics beyond it must exist.

In the Saleh Theory, a photon has a constant rest-mass and the electrons, protons and neutrons are made of it. The proton is made up of millions of photons that are united so the proton has a compacted structure. Electrons are also made up of photons, but it is a hollow sphere without any core. Saleh Theory states that when a proton is placed at the center of a spherical electron, a neutron is made. In this paper, we are going to explain the fundamental reason of beta decay based on the structure of electron, proton and neutron. We have demonstrated what exactly happen in Beta decay.   

Charge Readout System in DUNE Liquid Argon Near Detector Module-0

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will address open issues in neutrino physics such as the measurement of the CP-violating phase in neutrino oscillations and the neutrino mass ordering.  The Module-0 demonstrator is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) operated as a prototype for the DUNE liquid argon near detector (ND-LAr).  Based on the ArgonCube design concept, Module-0 features a novel 80k-channel pixelated charge readout and advanced high-coverage photon detection system. The Module-0 demonstrator was operated with cosmic rays in spring 2021, collecting a dataset of 25 million events.  Performance of the charge readout system will be presented.   

Measuring Electromagnetic Activity with the NOvA Test Beam

The NOvA experiment at Fermilab is a long-baseline accelerator neutrino

experiment designed to study and understand neutrinos through their flavor

oscillations between two functionally-identical detectors, a 300 ton Near Detector

and a 14 kton Far Detector separated by 809 km and placed 14 mrad off-axis to the

NuMI neutrino beam produced at Fermilab. NOvA has as its primary physics goals

to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy, to probe CP violation in the leptonic

sector, and to conduct precision measurements of the neutrino mixing parameters.

To help further NOvA's physics reach, the NOvA Test Beam program operates a

scaled-down 30-ton detector to measure charged particles found in the final state

of neutrino interactions, including electrons, muons, pions, kaons and protons.

These particles are identified and momentum-selected within a range of 0.3 to 2.0

GeV/c by a new tertiary beamline deployed at Fermilab. The Test Beam program

data will provide NOvA with improved understanding of the largest systematic

uncertainties impacting NOvA's analyses, including detector response and

calibration. In this talk, I will present the current status of the NOvA Test beam

program and discuss the tagging of electrons and positrons with the beamline,

along with preliminary results from detector measurements of their

electromagnetic activity.   

Muon Collider Sensitivity to Anomalous Quartic Gauge Couplings

A muon collider has two main advantages over the Large Hadron Collider regarding sensitivity to anomalous quartic gauge couplings (aQGCs); it effectively serves as a gauge boson collider due to collinear divergences, and it has access to the full center of mass (CoM) energy for collisions due to muons being fundamental particles (as opposed to hadrons). We study the sensitivity of a muon collider to dimension-8 operators affecting the WWZγ, WWZZ, and WWγγ vertices. The μ+ μ- W+ W- final state in the vector boson scattering topology is analyzed and expected limits on the energy of new physics are set.   

Exploring Cosmic Background Events Appearning in NOνA Far Detector Neutral Current Selection

The NOνA (NuMI Off-axis ν Appearance) experiment measures neutrino oscillations in a nearly pure muon neutrino beam over a 810 km baseline. In order to detect any behavior beyond the Standard Model, we look at neutral current (NC) events since any NC disappearance would indicate oscillation between active flavors and sterile neutrinos. The NOνA Far Detector (FD) is situated on the surface and is exposed to 140 kHz of cosmic rays. Therefore, the current FD NC selection includes additional cosmic rejection cut. However, after a hands-on analysis of 564 event displays (EVD) of out-of-time cosmic events, we found many cosmic events that the new cuts may be able to reject. In order to reduce the number of cosmic events in the NC selection, we are exploring principle component analysis (PCA) which would eliminate any very long and narrow events potentially due to cosmic tracks. Additionally, we are examining ways to reduce activity near the top and walls of the detector. In this talk, we will show how these new cuts change the expected signal and background in the NC event selection.   

Particle Cloud Generation with Message Passing Generative Adversarial Networks

There has been significant development recently in generative models for accelerating LHC simulations. Work on simulating jets has primarily used image-based representations, which tend to be sparse and of limited resolution. We advocate for the more natural 'particle cloud' representation of jets, i.e. as a set of particles in momentum space, and discuss four physics- and computer-vision-inspired metrics: (1) the 1-Wasserstein distance between high- and low-level feature distributions; (2) a new Fréchet ParticleNet Distance; (3) the coverage; and (4) the minimum matching distance as means of quantitatively and holistically evaluating generated particle clouds. We then present our new message-passing generative adversarial network (MPGAN), which has excellent performance on gluon, top quark, and lighter quark jets on all metrics, validated against real samples via bootstrapping as well as existing point cloud generative models, and shows promise for use in high energy physics.   

A Search for Dark Photon Dark Matter with ADMX-Orpheus

Dark matter makes up 85% of the matter in the universe and 27% of its energy density, but we don't know what comprises dark matter. Several compelling candidates for dark matter have wavelike properties, including axions and dark photons. Wavelike dark matter can be detected using ultra-sensitive microwave cavities. The ADMX experiment uses a cylindrical cavity operating at the fundamental mode to search for axions in the few micro-eV mass range. However, this technique becomes increasingly challenging with increasing axion mass. Higher masses require smaller cavities, which reduces the signal strength. Thus, there is interest in developing more sophisticated resonators to overcome this problem. The ADMX-Orpheus experiment uses a dielectric-loaded Fabry-Perot cavity to search for axions and dark photons with masses approaching 100 micro-eV. Orpheus maintains a large volume by operating at a higher-order mode, and the dielectrics shape the electric field so that the mode couples more strongly to axions and dark photons. This poster describes the development, commissioning, and results of ADMX-Orpheus to search for dark photons with masses between 65.5 micro-eV and 69.3micro-eV, as well as future directions for axion searches and for exploring more parameter space.   

ATLAS NSW sTGC Readout Electronic Integration and Commissioning

The most challenging ATLAS Phase I upgrade project during Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2021) is the New Small-Wheel (NSW) for Muon Spectrometer. The main purpose of the NSW upgrade is to improve the performance of muon triggering and precision tracking for the High-Luminosity Large-Hadron-Collider (HL-LHC), which will deliver 3,000 fb^-1 of data at √s = 14 TeV. The NSW will feature two new detector technologies: Resistive Micromegas (MM) and small-strip Thin Gap Chambers (sTGC), with MM playing the role of a primary tracking detector and sTGC as a primary trigger. To retain the good precision tracking capabilities in the high background environment of the HL-LHC, each sTGC plane must achieve a spatial resolution better than 100 μm to allow reconstruction of the Level-1 trigger track segments with an angular resolution of approximately 1mrad. This presentation focuses on the electronic readout integration and readout commissioning of sTGC detectors at CERN, both in the integration phase and for the two, separate, NSW commissionings, including a summary of the progress achieved, the problems encountered, and adapted solutions.   

Expected performance of the Mu2e trigger for Cosmic µ

The Mu2e experiment, currently under construction at Fermi National Laboratory, will

search for CLFV (charged lepton flavor violation) via neutrinoless muon to electron conversion

in the field of an aluminum nucleus. Muons will be directed onto an aluminum target and

captured by aluminum atoms. If the captured muons decay via muon-to-electron conversion, the

resulting electron energy will be 104.97MeV. A tracker and calorimeter will then reconstruct

tracks and reveal the decay products of the captured muons. In addition to conversion electrons

and other decays, the tracker will contend with backgrounds such as protons, Compton

electrons, and uncaptured muons, as well as atmospheric muons. Produced when cosmic rays

collide with the upper atmosphere, atmospheric muons arrive at Earth’s surface at nearly the

speed of light. The beam cycle of Mu2e will include periods where both signal and background

are absent from the tracker, leaving primarily cosmics. This provides an opportunity to analyze

cosmics and improve vetoing algorithms; in addition, cosmics are useful in calibrating the

tracker due to their extremely high momentum. This poster will report on the many ways

cosmics will be studied in Mu2e, and will detail the specifics of the tracking and particle

reconstruction process.   

Analyzing Photon- Electron Interaction by Quantum Matrix Approach

For interactive photon-electron system, the linear combination of photon number states is

adopted which suitably describes absorbing and emitting photon process by an electron and the

quantum matrix method is utilized to find hamiltonian’s eigenvalue and eigenfunction. The

quantum self-field notion arises due to sufficient input energy. In this paper, “bare” electron

appears near the center of mass (positively shifted away from mass-shell status) and the

change of its energy denoted by “bare mass” m 0 is deemed minor since it absorbs and emits

virtual photons in an isotropical manner so to position itself better. The eigenvalue and

eigenfunction discovered in this analysis are similar to those in linear harmonic oscillator

formulation. The photon emission event is linked to n = 1 state with probable photon

number 1.7. Because of electron’s position, emitted photon has an isotropic angular

distribution in the C.M. frame and energy dependence for absorbing and emission

photon amplitude is 1/P 2 where P is the upper limit of virtual photon momentum with c

set to be unit. If initially electron is at rest in the laboratory frame, the amplitude in this

frame is (1 + 2q)/{1.5m[(1 + 2q) 1/2 -1](1 + q – qcosψ’)} 2 where q = p i /m with p i being

incoming photon energy and p i along z-axis. ψ’ is the angle between emitted photon

and z-axis.   

Generally Covariant Generalization of The Dirac Equation (a new pde) That Does Not Require Gauges

Toward the end of his life Dirac tried to modify his equation so that it did not require the clunky infinities and a 10⁹⁶gram/cm³ vacuum density to get the correct Lamb shift and gyromagnetic ratio. Well, it is easy to fix this problem.

Instead of linearizing a flat space Minkowski metric as Dirac did to get his Clifford algebra, leave it as a point source Schwarzschild metric splitting r_H in 1-r_H/r=_oo into r_H= 2GM/c² and r_H =2e²/m_Lc² instead of just 2GM/c²and so maintaining a general covariance for the (Lepton: m_L= m+m+m_e) Dirac equation.

So divide _xxdx² +_yydy²+_zzdz²+_ttdt²=ds² by ds² and define p_x=dx/ds and we find using the Dirac gammas and plugging in the operator formalism and we get a generally covariant m_L pde.  In spherical coordinates the energy turns out to be E=1/_tt=1/(1-r_H/r)^.5=1+r_H/2r-(3/8)(r_H/r)² +.. 1+V_c-V+... After multiplying (this normalized) E by m_Lc² we note the first term is lepton mass energy, V_C is the usual Coulomb potential energy and we split off the electron component m_ec²in E and get for the 3^rd term:

_2,0,0*V_2,0,0dV=E=Lamb shift(eq.6.12.1, PartI, DavidMaker.com) =h27MHz component.

We get an equivalence principle for _ij by assuming the only particle with nonzero rest mass is the electron (with the baryons 2P_3/2, 2P_½ composites and ,  S_½ excited states, PartI) and that splitting of r_H into separate r_HN+1=2GM/c² and r_HN=2e²/m_Lc² comes from a cosmological and electron selfsimilar (fractal) universality of this new Lepton pde.   

Commissioning of the Phase-1 BIS78 pilot project for Phase-2 upgrade of the ATLAS muon spectrometer

The Monitored Drift Tube (MDT) provides precise tracking and momentum measurement in the ATLAS muon spectrometer. To accommodate higher event rates and provide better fake rejection in the High Luminosity LHC, a new integrated chamber with small-diameter MDT (sMDT) and thin Resistive Plate Chambers (tRPC) had been developed and will be installed into barrel inner layer of the muon detector for the phase-2 upgrade. The BIS78 project serves as a pilot project for the barrel inner layer upgrade (1 < |η| < 1.3) during the LHC LS1 shutdown (2019-2021). Several sMDT+tRPC chambers have been installed and operated in the ATLAS detector. An overview of the commissioning status of BIS78 in the ATLAS experiment will be presented.   

The Mu2e track triggers for low-momenta particles

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab is a search for a neutrinoless muon to electron conversion in the field of an aluminum nucleus. It is a process that violates charged lepton flavor conservation. In the experiment, a beam of muons is focused onto an aluminum target to be captured by the nuclei. The energy of the emitted particles is measured. The electron energy that corresponds to this neutrinoless decay is 104.97 MeV. These energy measurements are performed by reconstructing the helical tracks of the charged particles passing through the tracker and hitting a calorimeter. This reconstruction uses two pattern recognition algorithms followed by a track fit.  Along with the conversion electron, there are various other lower-momenta charged particles such as other electrons, positrons, protons, and uncaptured muons that need to be characterized to better understand background statistics and improve calibration accuracy. This poster details the various optimizations of the pattern recognition algorithms and specifically characterizes the trigger performance, such as efficiency, rejection, and thus the expected rates for these low-momenta charged particles.   

Electron spin, nutation, and wave-particle duality

We present a diagonal spacetime 4-manifold to model the wave-particle duality with derivations of the energy ratio of wave to particle to be 1 to 3, by which we calculate the least time for an electron nutation as based on its quadrupole spin states in a 720-degree rotation of its associated electromagnetic wave in a model of Zitterbewegung, wherein we also show a left-handed positron to turn into a right-handed electron by a 3-D rotation. Our motivation here is to develop more efficient use of electricity for energy and environmental concerns.   

Status of the Measurement of Neutrino-Electron Elastic Scattering in the NOvA Near Detector

NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino experiment optimized to observe the oscillation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. It uses a high purity muon neutrino beam produced at Fermilab with central energy of approximately 1.8 GeV. NOvA consists of a near detector located 1 km downstream of the neutrino production target at Fermilab and a far detector located 810 km away in Ash River, Minnesota. Neutrino cross-section measurements performed at the near detector are affected by a large uncertainty on the absolute neutrino flux. Since the neutrino-electron elastic-scattering cross section can be accurately calculated, the measured rate of these interactions can be used to constrain the neutrino flux. We present the status of the neutrino-electron elastic-scattering measurement; the analysis uses a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify signal events reaching a sample purity of 89% and constraining the flux uncertainty by roughly 6%.   

ATLAS Global Tau Trigger Performance Study for Run 4

Tau decays are notoriously difficult to detect because many particles decay with a similar signature. The upgrade of the ATLAS Trigger and Data Acquisition system for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider will provide high-granularity calorimeter information, offering enhanced performance required for operation during Run 4 (with 200 interactions per bunch crossing). Here we present the expected tau trigger performance, including the efficiency and background rejection.   

Quantum Consciousness Deepening Within Hologram of the Human Body's Information Potentials Based on the Fractal Patterns

In a quantum worldview, it seems that the character of a fundamental particle has three entangled identities; physical, dynamics, and information potential. The information potential includes four hierarchy qualities; physical, plant, animal, and human as the origin of life. The physical identity was on and active from the Big Bang. The other identities became on and active within fundamental particles during the Earth's evolution. This evolution occurred by the quantum jump mechanism in equatorial zones during the solar cycles' energy loading. On the other hand, it seems that the human body includes two entangled quantum fields. The first quantum field includes quantum mechanical systems of different portions of the body like the brain, heart, nervous system, ... The second quantum field is a hologram of the information potentials of the body's fundamental particles including sub-holograms of different portions of the body. The necessary information for the next stage of the human, receive by the hologram and deepens within it based on the fractal patterns. Next, the brain's sub-hologram, as a leader and the ultimate analyzer, concentrates and deepens the processed information of the hologram for getting deeper consciousness and quantum decision making.    

Implementing Experimental Blinding on HAYSTAC Experiment

HAYSTAC is a quantum-enhanced dark matter experiment which uses a technique known as quantum squeezing to search for axions. This poster will discuss the implementation of a code-based blinding procedure known as "salting" on HAYSTAC. Blind analyses are critical for particle physics experiments to produce robust, trustworthy results and HAYSTAC has yet to implement one before now. Implementing a salting analysis requires the collaboration to fix all cuts and parameters in the analysis code before data processing begins. This prevents experimental bias and makes the HAYSTAC data analysis procedure more robust. This salting analysis uses a computer-generated axion lineshape to mimic a true axion signal. This mock signal or "salt" is then added to HAYSTAC's cavity profile data at a random, predetermined frequency unknown to the collaborators. The salted data is processed by the analysis code to ensure the mock signal is identified as a power excess in the data. In this poster, I will give an introduction to HAYSTAC, its quantum squeezing techniques, as well as the salting analysis process I've developed, it's results, and my plans for its implementation on HAYSTAC's next data-acquisition phase.   

Quantum Worldview and Fundamental Particles

In a quantum worldview, fundamental Particles (FP) as the building blocks of the world have three entangled identities in both physical and biological characters: matter, dynamic, and information identities. The first is matter identity including; mass, energy, and charge. The second is dynamic identity including; particle-wave motion and spin. And the third is information potential/identity including four hierarchy qualities (sub-particles) as the origin of the life—matter, plant, animal, and human. The information potential became on and active by quantum jump mechanism by solar cycles energy loading in the Earth's equatorial zone during the world evolution. This information potential (quantum mind/soul) of the conscious Particle gets the necessary information from its domain, processes, and defines the next quantum state of the particle as its dynamic road map. The FPs' information potentials make a quantum field of information, like a hologram (software) of the human body, in which consciousness arises and deepens in it by fractal pattern (a mechanism). And the body's FPs make another quantum field (hardware). There is the brain's hologram within the body's hologram for concentration, deepening, and ultimate process of body's information and quantum decision making.    

Development of Iris-Connected Multicell Cavities for Axion Searches

For relatively low axion mass ranges (< 4 μeV), a single cavity has been used for axion detection to reach the DFSZ limit. However, to scan at larger mass ranges, the cavity physical dimension will scale unfavorably down with frequency, necessitating the usage of multiple cavities to maintain the detection volume. Working with multiple cavities adds significant complexity to the detector because of the need to combine the output signal coherently from the multiple cavities. As an alternative, we propose a multicell cavity to face this challenge. Multicell cavities are routinely used and employed in particle accelerators. Using a similar concept for axion haloscope detectors is appealing. In this talk, we report on developing a 4-cell cavity in the frequency range 4.3-6.3 GHz. In this cavity, four cells of circular cross-section are connected with irises. In this case, the TM010-like mode resides collectively in the cavity's different cells, eliminating the need for coherent signal combination. It can be tuned with a conventional rotary mechanism to bring the frequency from 4.3 GHz, when the four rods at the side-walls, to 6.3 GHz when the four rods rotate to be in the center of each cavity. The proposed structure maintains the large tuning range of a circular cross-section cavity (35%) even with increasing the number of cells in the structure, which is advantageous compared to other multicell structures proposed before for axion searches in the literature.   

Relativistic Fluid Simulations in Nonlinear Gravity

Current models of cosmology predict the formation of black holes near the beginning of the Universe’s life that are not a result of stellar collapse. These black holes, called Primordial Black Holes (PBH), could help explain our currently incomplete understanding of the origin of intermediate massive black holes and the composition of dark matter. Exactly how PBH are formed, however, has not been studied rigorously. We investigate the possible formation of PBH from primordial density fluctuations. We model the radiation present in the Universe at the time as a relativistic fluid which interacted with gravity, treated fully non-linearly. To do this, we employ a Grid And Bubble Evolver in General Relativity, GABERel, which evolves scalar fields within the BSSN formalism. I will present the progress we have made toward employing this formalism and studying the evolution of these primordial density perturbations.    

Multiphoton approximation error of parametric down conversion source detection

Biphotons are fundamental to applications in the fields of quantum information and optics. For this reason, biphoton sources are well studied and widely implemented in a variety of experimental settings. Parametric down converters (PDC) are an example of a source for these photons. The accepted method of deriving the PDC state is to create a squeezed state from the vacuum with creation operators formed from an assumed interaction Hamiltonian, where the output state is an infinite sum over biphoton states. Because of the trivially small probability of nonlinear interactions within the PDC crystal, the occurrence probability of photon pairs is likewise trivial, and the series is typically truncated. Naturally, this procedure introduces error into subsequent calculations. In this paper, we examine the error introduced into the probability of detection when neglecting these higher order photon contributions. We justify the relaxation of the common assumption that the squeezed state parameter must be small, and compare our calculations to the usual treatment of the system, finding a nontrivial discrepancy for reasonable experimental parameters. This provides insight that may be useful to mitigate error in future experiments and quantum optical setups.   

Description of fault tolerant quantum gate operations for topological Majorana qubit systems

Among the list of major threats to quantum computation, quantum decoherence poses one of the largest because  it generates losses to the environment within a computational system which cannot be recovered via error correction methods. A promising solution to this problem bases the computational states on the low lying energy excitations within topological materials. The existence of these states is protected by a global parameter within the Hamiltonian which prevents the computational states from coupling locally and decohering. In this work, the qubit is based on non-local, topological Majorana fermions (MF), and the gate operations are generated by swapping or braiding the positions of said MF. The algorithmic calculation for such gate operations is well known, but, the opposite gates-to-braid calculation is currently underdeveloped. Additionally, because one may choose from a number of different  possible  qubit definitions, the resultant gate operations from calculation to calculation appear different. A full characterization of the system is made by completely generalizing the list of gates and transformations between possible qubit definitions.  A complete description of this system is desirable and will hopefully serve future iterations of topological qubits.   

The self-controlling mechanisms in natural processes, events, ingredients, and behaviors

This presentation designs compact system, CS electromagnetically equivalent, EE self-controlling mechanisms, s-CMs in natural processes, events, and behaviors. Focus point is how a completely compact EE natural multi-network, CCEENm-N can be designed covering all physical ingredients in compact physical universes, PUs. All physically natural events, pNEs in any topological domain structure, TDS make mutual progress and come true as a result of event independent self-control mechanism, EIs-CM entirety hypothesis in entirety of their PU. All pNEs are results of building processes with EIs-CM of CCEENm-N through suitable 2^nd order stochastic initial boundary value problem schemes derived from wave equation related to time energy, t^E concept. Boundary surfaces of specific TDSs  in physically natural domains, pNDs carry out these reciprocal influences among distinct TDSs with conditional equations provided by initial values and boundary values. Boundary conditions distribute these influences with aid of equivalence principles among each other as mutual coupling effects. Source functions produce interaction processes through action functionals. Interaction mechanisms designing motions both Brownian-like and specific for physical ingredients’ activities are proven, theoretically.   

Topological processes building ingredients of the most simple available particles, gravity, and electromagnetism from null space: Time energy concept as creater of waves and particles by single point space

This presentation designs quantum electromagnetism, QE and gravity waves, GWs in inflective spaces, ISs with topological transformations, TTs of de-formations and re-formations of single point spaces, sPSs. Focus point is how arbitrary sub-atomic particles with their ingredients and elementary particles, EPs can be designed spontaneously from absolute vacuum, AV. The approach is event independent and process independent. Creation of GWs is explained by a building mechanism with self-capability of elementary sets of thing spaces, T_hSs from sPSs as many-sided self-optimization process of degenerations in sPS structures. Time is proven as a process dissipating an energy ingredient. Deriving equations for waves and particles from topological processes, TPs and time energy, t^E are worked in ISs for these purposes. Invariance mechanisms, IMs are proven with TTs. Determiner of IMs is found as flicker activity in AV. Reason of gravity topology, GT is proven as below: The residue of returning tendency of physical processes, PPs into AV domain is construed as gravity. The TPs building EPs, GT, and QE from completely null space, cNS are derived from single TTs manifold, sTTsM and unique PP. The GT is designed by ISs approach. Wave equation is derived from t^E and time span, t^s concepts.   

Inelastic Axial and Vector Structure Functions for Lepton-Nucleon Scattering 2021 Update

We report on an update (2021) of a phenomenological model for inelastic neutrino- and electron-nucleon  scattering cross sections using effective leading order parton distribution functions with a new scaling variable $\xi_w$.  Non-perturbative effects  are  well described using the  $\xi_w$ scaling variable in combination with multiplicative $K$ factors at low $Q^2$. The model describes all inelastic charged-leptron-nucleon scattering data (HERA/NMC/BCDMS/SLAC/JLab) ranging from very high $Q^2$  to very low $Q^2$ and down to the $Q^2=0$ photo-production region. The model has been developed to be  used in analysis of  neutrino oscillation experiments  in the few GeV region.  The 2021 update  accounts for the difference between axial and vector structure function which brings it into much better agreement with  neutrino-nucleon total cross section measurements. The model has been developed primarily for  hadronic final state masses  $W$ above 1.8 GeV. However with additional parameters  the model  also describe the  $average$ neutrino cross sections in the resonance region down to $W$=1.4 GeV.   

Quark and Gluon Correlations from Generalized Parton Distributions

Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) provide clear insights into the various static averaged density distributions of quarks and gluons inside a nucleon. On the other hand, obtaining information about the fluctuations of these density distributions from GPDs is not as straightforward. But these fluctuations are closely related to correlations among the constituent quarks and gluons. As a measure of these correlations, we calculated overlap integrals of Fourier transformed quark and gluon GPDs at various momentum fraction x. We used parametric analytic forms of GPDs within a spectator model framework, constrained using deeply virtual Compton scattering and lattice QCD data.   

Hadron spectroscopy on excited (collective) vacua with confining Coulomb-gauge QCD models.

In a strongly-enough coupled theory such as QCD, dynamical symmetry breaking can present excited nonperturbative vacua (with the same topology as the ground state, different from instanton vacua), akin perhaps to collective modes in nuclei or replica in condensed matter physics. We explore a well known field-theoretical quark model of QCD based on a linear+Coulomb Cornell potential (to account for the longitudinal interaction), together with a transverse interaction (to account for Coulomb-gauge gluons) in BCS approximation.  Abundant hadron phenomenology implementing dynamical chiral symmetry breaking has been built on the BCS ground state, but here we explore two excited replica. We discuss the status of their stability and the phenomenology of hadrons built on such false vacua instead of the ground state one.   

Density Perturbation of the Early Universe

The Cosmic Microwave Background, or CMB, is the radiation that spreads throughout the universe. The radiation we know as the CMB was created when the universe was around 380,000 years old. The universe has anisotropy, meaning it is not uniformly bright, it is also not uniform in temperature or density. Therefore, we can calculate the historic density perturbations based on the anisotropy of the CMB. The density perturbation is the average variance of densities throughout the universe. Using the simulation made by Dr. David Garrison and ran on the Singularity cluster at The University of Houston at Clear Lake, the density perturbation was calculated and tested. First, the density perturbation for when the universe was about 1 second old was calculated at 1.3e-4. Then using the code, tests were done to build a simulation where the universe was successfully developed, and the density perturbations resulted in the calculated value. These simulations started during the Electroweak Phase Transition when the universe was about 10e-12 seconds old.  This brings us a better understanding of the universe and how it transitioned from radiation dominated to matter dominated. The perturbations also help solve the initial conditions of the universe when it was less than 1 second old.   

A Comparison of Primary Donors of Type I and Type II Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

Photosynthesis is one of the most important processes in nature as it powers the planet with sunlight. Light-driven electron transfer in photosynthesis originates in the reaction center (RC). Reaction centers are large, multi-subunit pigment-protein complexes that harvest light energy through a network of internal or external chlorophyll (Chl) or bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) molecules and store the energy through charge separation and multi-step electron transfer. Here, highly coupled chlorophyll molecules serve as both primary electron donors and acceptors in the charge separation reactions. There are two types of RCs in nature, Type I and Type II, that differ in the identity of the terminal electron acceptors. Recent advances in experimental methodology and computational modeling provide an opportunity to conduct a detailed comparison of the charge separation and electron transfer reactions in Type I and Type II RCs. In the present study, we examine the structures of primary electron donors in Type I and Type II RCs in relation to the vast body of spectroscopic research that has been performed on them to date. Further, we perform density functional theory calculations on each oxidized primary donor to study both their electronic properties and our ability to model experimental spectroscopic data.   

trajectories amplification in multilayer networks

The amplification phenomenon in chaotic systems was first observed and studied by J. M. Gonzalez

- Miranda in Ref.[1] where she found that amplification and displacement of chaotic attractors by

means of unidirectional chaotic driving. Later I. Grosu et al. in Ref.[2], proposed a design of coupling

for stable synchronization and antisynchronization in chaotic systems under parameter mismatch.

They end their work with an experimental set up showing the effectiveness of their study. The present

work goal is to investigate the trajectories amplification in multilayer networks. Basing ourselves on

the coupling method proposed in Ref.[3, 4], we will investigate conditions within which the coupled

networks can achieve synchronization and amplification (reduction). These investigations will be

carried out for both non mobile and mobile oscillators. Synchronization analysis will be investigated

using master stability function in the driver network, the order parameter in the response network

while the transverse Lyapunov exponent will be applied between corresponding oscillators in each

network. The effectiveness of the investigation is shown when network are incoherent, synchronized

and even in chimera state.   

Control and optimization of the dynamic of a network of UAVs via collective behaviour.

Networks are ubiquitous in today's world. Communication networks are changing the way we live and interact. Social networks are redefning the ways we keep in touch. Transport networks give us access to the remotest parts of the world. The energy needed for our domestic and industrial use is supplied by electric power networks. Human survival depends on the functioning of a number of biological and ecological networks. So, Complexity and complex systems' theory are issues coming more and more into focus as it seems that most systems in our lives must be understood in this perspective. based on Stankovski, the collective dynamics of a network depends not only on the network structure but also on the functional form of the interactions. In certain physical systems one can observe that network connections may be state dependent in the sense that links can be temporarily disabled (named dead zones). The concept of dead zone in the interaction between two dynamical systems is a region of their joint phase space where one system is insensitive to the changes in the other. Therefore, the dead zone concept will be used to materialise the coupling in time and it leads the network to the achievement of intriguing behaviours such as synchronization, cluster formations, chimera states, traveling chimera, traveling waves, etc. The main objective of the work is to answer the question how to exploit these phenomena to solve a concrete problem in the 21st century? This work will focus on the use of physical phenomena obtained in networks for the control of drone swarms and their optimization. Knowing the vast feld of application of UAVs, the challenge will be to design a mobile network made up of swarms where the connection between entities will use the concept of dead zones and fnally use the behaviours obtained for the control of a set of drones. The use of dead zone is justifed by the fact that each drone operates under fluctuating wireless, networking and environment constraints.   

Chitosan effects on the electronic properties of unpassivated triangular ZnO nanowires oriented along [0001] directions, an ab initio study

ZnO nanowires (ZnONWs), have been the most investigated materials during last two decades. Due to its unics characteristics, these NWs can be applied in LEDs, nano-lasers, detectors and sensors and solar cells [1]. In this work we study from a theoretical framework the effect of chitosan on the electronic properties for triangular ZnO nanowires. All calculations were carried out using Density Functional Theory implemented in the SIESTA code [2] . We considered six different positions of chitosan molecule on the surface of the nanowire with the variation of the amine position. All considered configurations were relaxed to the minimum energy to obtain well converged results. Our results shows that all configurations considered in this research are chemical stable, besides, the interaction of NW's surface with OH radical of chitosan produce flat states inside the band gap energy similar to p-doping [3].   

Artificial Gravity and its Cardiovascular Effects

A well-known phenomenon of an extended stay in microgravity is cardiovascular deconditioning – a collection of hemodynamic changes including loss of blood volume and altered cardiac function. One proposed method of combating this phenomenon is by generating artificial gravity. However, little is known about long-term effects of the most common method of generating artificial gravity: centrifugal rotations. The two primary concerns are the presence of a gradient, wherein the magnitude at the head is different from that at the feet, and a fictitious Coriolis force that may affect the flow of blood in the cardiovascular system. To study these effects, we developed a variational finite-element model for numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations which can be used to model blood flow in a small segment of a blood vessel under various conditions, including different parameters for the artificial gravity and different specific blood vessels in the body. Further, we propose a new method of generating artificial gravity to mitigate these effects. The artificial gravity experiment is a disk of material that will generate angular oscillations at ultra-sound frequency ranges. An oscillatory design will also remove the need for counter-rotating masses to balance the angular momentum.   

Spectroscopic and computational analysis of the dimeric chlorophyll acceptor in the M688HPsaA genetic variant of Photosystem I

Studies of the photosynthetic reaction center, Photosystem I (PSI), have shown that its polypeptide core contains highly coupled chlorophyll molecules that serve as the primary electron donor and acceptor. Notably, a recent study found that the primary acceptor, A₀, is a dimer of chlorophyll a molecules, Chl₂ and Chl₃, where the electron spin density on the reduced acceptor, A₀-, is distributed on both molecules.¹ Previous biochemical studies have shown that the replacement of the soft base sulfur axial ligand of Chl_3A from a methionine residue to a hard base nitrogen ligand of a histidine in the M688H_PsaA variant of PSI severely impacts forward electron transfer from the A_0A cofactor.² In this study, we determine the electronic structure of the A₀- state of M688H_PsaA PSI using a combination of experimental hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopy and computational analysis including molecular dynamics and density functional theory (DFT).³ Understanding the electronic structure of the dimeric A₀ acceptor in the wild-type and M688H_PsaA variant of PSI has widespread implications ranging from the evolution of naturally occurring reaction centers to the development of a new generation of highly efficient artificial photosynthetic systems. 

1. Gorka et al. (2021) iScience (Cell Press), 24, 102719.

2. Sun et al. (2014) Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg., 1837, 1362.

3. Gorka et al. (2021) Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg., 1862, 148424.   

Numerical Simulations of the Molecular Behavior and Entropy of Non-Ideal Argon

A numerical model is built, simulating the principles of kinetic gas theory, to predict pressures of molecules in a spherical pressure vessel; the model tracks a single particle and multiplies the force on the spherical walls by a mole of molecules to predict the net pressure. An intermolecular attractive force is added for high-density simulations, to replicate a real fluid; the force is chosen to ensure the fluid matches the Peng-Robinson equation of state as it is compressed to a near supercritical density. The standard deviations of the molecule position and velocity with respect to temperature and density is studied to define the entropy. A parametric study of a Stirling cycle heat engine utilizing near-supercritical densities is modeled, to study how the temperature dependence of the attractive intermolecular Van der Waal forces can affect the net total entropy change to the surrounding environment.   

Dynamics of exciton polaron in microtubule

we study the dynamical properties of the exciton-polaron in the microtubule. The study was carried out using a unitary transformation and an approximate diagonalization technique. Analytically, the modeling of exciton-polaron dynamics in microtubules is presented. From this modeling, the ground state energy, mobility, and entropy of the exciton-polaron are derived as a function of the parameters characterizing the microtubule geometry. Numerical results show that, depending on the three vibrational modes (protofilament, helix, antihelix) in MTs, exciton-polaron energy is anisotropic and is more present on the protofilament than the helix and absent on the antihelix. The quasiparticles move only on the protofilaments and helix and when we take into account the variation of the protofilament vibrations by fixing the helix vibrations, the quasi-particles move between the 1st and 2nd protofilaments. When we take into account the variation of the two vibrations the quasi-particles move between the 1st and 15th protofilament. This result confirms the importance of helix vibrations on the dynamics of quasiparticles. The exchange of information between the exciton-polaron and its environment is similar to its mobility. Confirming that the quasiparticles move in the protofilament faster than the helix, the electrical field produced by the vibrations of the MT lattice may be anisotropic depending on the modes of vibration.    

Lanthanide hydrides exhibit high-temperature superconductivity at extreme pressure

Hydrogen-rich super-hydrides are promising high-Tc superconductors, with superconductivity experimentally observed near room, temperature, as shown in recently discovered lanthanide super-hydrides at very high pressures, e.g. LaH10 at 170 GPa and CeH9 at 150 GPa. Superconductivity is believed to be closely related with the high vibrational modes of the bound hydrogen electrons. Here we study the limit of extreme pressures (above 200 GPas) where lanthanide hydrides with large hydrogen content have been observed. We focus on LaH16 and CeH16, two prototype candidates for achieving a large electronic contribution from hydrogen in the electron-phonon coupling. In this work, we propose a first-principles calculation platform with the inclusion of many-body corrections to evaluate the detailed physical properties of the Ce-H and La-H systems and to understand the structure, stability, and superconductivity of these systems at ultra-high pressure. We provide a practical approach to further investigate conventional superconductivity in hydrogen-rich super-hydrides.   

User-testing documentation for the 2021 CMS Open Data Workshop

The CMS experiment has made over 2 petabytes of data available to anyone through the CERN Open Data Portal. These data can be used for educational purposes or for real scientific analysis. In 2020, the CMS DPOA (Data Preservation and Open Access) group held the first-of-its-kind, Open Data Workshop (virtual) for anyone interested in accessing and analyzing these data. This workshop was run a second time in July 2021, but with the benefit of experience, much of the structure of the workshop and the documentation was reworked. In this poster, I give an overview of the workshop and my role as a tester and contributor to the documentation. I offer my perspective as someone who is new to this field and share some information on upcoming events.   

Image Encryptions From Relativistic-Like Transformations

The Quaternion Julia algorithm associated with a subgroup of 4-dimensional relativistic coordinate transformations may be used to encrypt images. The program processes an image by converting each pixel to its integer RGB values and encrypts the values using three intertwined Julia partial summations. The output is a file containing the partial sums. The subsequent decryption process of this sum is discussed. The encryption algorithm was tested as described and a reasonable encryption time was confirmed for use on typical modern computers when used as intended/with knowledge of the key. While for the recipient, the decryption time can be excessively long, as desired for an outside eavesdropper the algorithm's complexity is much greater, increasing the runtime roughly linearly.   

Deriving the nonlinear symmetries of dynamics from trained deep neural networks

In this talk, we will present a method for extracting interpretable physical laws from deep neural networks (DNNs) trained on dynamical time series data. Specifically, we have developed a new method for inferring hidden conservation laws of systems from DNNs trained on time-series data that can be regarded as the finite degree of freedom classical Hamiltonian dynamical systems. The method inferred the conservation laws by extracting the symmetry of the dynamical system from the DNN based on Noether's theorem and effective sampling methods. Since the only assumption imposed on DNNs by the method is the manifold hypothesis, which is widely believed to hold for DNNs that have been successfully trained, the method can be applied to a wide range of DNN models. On the other hand, the verification of the method was limited to the case where the symmetric transformation is an affine transformation.

In the central force potential system, the Runge-Lenz vector is conserved. This conservation law is given as the symmetry of SO(4) on the phase space of nonlinear transformations. In this talk, we will present the results of investigating whether it is possible to extract the symmetry and estimate the conservation law under such a nonlinear transformation based on our proposed method.   

Air Shower Reconstruction using Deep Learning with the HAWC Observatory

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory observes gamma rays with energies from 300 GeV to above 100 TeV. For each gamma-ray event, HAWC reconstructs the incident angle by using the timing information of the photomultiplier tubes triggered by the air shower particles. We investigate the use of Deep Learning to improve the angular resolution of HAWC. We train a Vision Transformer with simulated data and compare the performance to the current HAWC reconstruction.   

Time Crystal And There Is No Time ArrowheadSupport My Ideas That Time is Quantum Frequency

The Microcosmic quantum spacetime and space-time particle were brought forward in 2007.

See Dayong Cao, “Mass energy space and time system theory”, https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/TSS07/Session/APS4.6

 

 and “The mass, energy, space and time system of Wave, Particle and universe -MEST”,

http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2008.DNP.LG.8

Time is frequency and space is amplitude square was brought forward in 2008.

See Dayong Cao, “Mass energy space and time system theory”,

https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR08/Session/Y12.10

 

Time crystals which were first proposed theoretically by Frank Wilczek in 2012 also support my ideas.

 See Frank Wilczek,  “Classical Time Crystals”, https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.2537, and "Quantum Time Crystals", 

https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.2539

See Xiang Zhang, Tongcang Li, "Space-Time Crystals of Trapped Ions", 

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.163001

 

There is no arrow of time because time is frequency was brought forward in 2012.

See Dayong Cao, “MEST-The universe has not the time arrowhead and space expanding”,

http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2012.APR.E1.2

http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2010.DFD.QE.2

And “The spacetime center have negative black body radiation, and Negative “second

law of thermodynamics” that means the negative (rule) heat from cold to hot” in 2016.

See Dayong Cao, “Ring of nine Gamma Ray Burst overlap with the hot spot of my hypothesis”, P81

https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/APR16/Session/M13.8

New experiments showed there is no arrow of time to support my same idea.

See V.M. Vinokur, G. B. Lesovik, “Arrow of time and its reversal on the IBM quantum computer”,

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40765-6

 

See Eric Lutz, Kaonan Micadei, “Reversing the direction of heat flow using quantum correlations

”,

https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.03323   

Updating a turnkey cloud chamber for outreach and education activities

Since 2013, students at Siena College have worked to modify designs, found online, for what we refer to as "turnkey cloud chambers". These cloud chambers do not need dry ice, instead relying on Peltier thermocoolers to create the necessary temperature gradient. The cost of parts is around $150 and the group has run multiple workshops for local high school teachers showing them how to build their own. Siena uses these for outreach activities and as demos in the classroom. However, some components from the original design are no longer available. In this poster, we present our efforts to upgrade the design to use currently available components and modify the 3D printed support mechanisms, while improving the overall performance of the device.    

Science Communication in regional languages – A need of the hour

English was chosen as the ‘lingua franca’ or the universal language of science globally in 1967 (Gordin, 2015) which has compelled scientists across the disciplines to publish their work primarily in English. A 2020 study on the effectiveness of multi-lingual science communication by Márquez and Porras, clearly shows that most of the science communication happens in English, followed by other languages like Spanish, French, Mandarin etc. Though using English surely has its advantages, a lot of science does not reach the larger populace either due to the language barrier or minimal to zero efforts by the scientific community to communicate science in multi-lingual countries. For example, India is a diverse multi-lingual country with 400+ regional languages and dialects and 22 scheduled languages. And most of the Indian population is deprived of scientific awareness majorly due to the language barrier. We share some of the efforts taken by local organisations and individuals in science outreach and communication in regional languages, especially in Kannada(a regional language of South India).   

Simulations of Rapid RF-Driven 3-D Proton Beam Scanning

We investigate the design of a 2.856 GHz accelerator system to provide energy modulation and RF-based steering for rapid 3-D beam scanning for hadron therapy. Using General Particle Tracer, we simulate proton beam transport through the accelerator and deflector cavities. Field maps of the accelerating and deflecting fields in each section of the beam line are produced using ANSYS-HFSS models of the cavity geometries. Designs are optimized for the case of sub-relativistic protons with 230 MeV kinetic energy and cover an energy modulation range of ±30 MeV. We present beam profile data after transport to different transverse positions, achieved using a combination of dynamic RF deflector cavities and static permanent magnet quadrupoles. We discuss the beam profile aberrations introduced for large transverse deflections.   

Time-of-Flight PET for Proton Therapy (TPPT)

Proton therapy is a cancer treatment option that has the advantage of reducing the dose to normal tissue and organs at risk located beyond the Bragg peak of proton dose deposition.  Using Time-of-Flight (ToF) PET imaging, the project seeks to provide real-time information of beam location and intensity. Specifically, we are using Monte-Carlo Simulation and experimental data in conjunction to optimize the PET scanner for Proton Therapy by understanding detector response to isotopes produced by tissue activation.

We will report first performance results for the full prototype PET system including Sensitivity, Position Resolution, and Coincidence Time Resolution (CTR) measurements. The PET system consists of two detector module assemblies in the shape of angular sections of a cylinder with an inner diameter of 325 mm and axial length 105 mm. The two angular sections cover 99 degrees each, and require seperation to allow for the passage of a proton beam into the patient. In total, the scanner consists of 96 detector modules, each with 64 3x3x15 mm LYSO crystals.This prototype will later be evaluated with phantoms and animals at the proton therapy center of MD Anderson Cancer Centre in Houston, Texas, USA.    

The Gell-Mann Classification Method Can Be Applied in Ancient DNA (aDNA) Research

The Gell-Mann method [1] [2] can be used in the ancient DNA[3] research, among other topics,[4] to predict the existence of aDNA not yet discovered (facilitating the classifications similar to Gell-Mann’s and Mendeleev’s in physics and chemistry, respectively). This crossdisciplinary effort can facilitate the prediction of the most probable human migration trajectories, providing, in that way, new insights into the unfolding of the Homo sapiens sapiens race

 

Approaches to quantum gravity of Bergmann and the Syracuse School

Already from the onset in 1949 of Peter G. Bergmann's efforts to construct a quantum theory of gravity he posited the underlying general covariance of Einstein's theory as a foundational principle. This led him and his collaborators to a constrained Hamiltonian procedure that is now known as the Rosenfeld-Bergmann-Dirac method. It was he who recognized, beginning in 1962, that Dirac's decomposition of infinitesimal general coordinate transformations led to a compulsory metric field dependence of the underlying gauge symmetry group. The consequent identification of equivalence classes and associated invariant Poisson bracket algebras of the true degrees of freedom of general relativity constitutes a conflict with the still dominant geometrodynamical approach promoted by John Archibald Wheeler   

Creation and Implementation of Computational Tools for Modeling and Optimization in Support of Developing a Cost Effective and Compact RF Linear Accelerator

Ion beams are widely used for discovery science and in industrial applications. At LBNL we are developing a compact multi-beam RF linear accelerator constructed using printed circuit board (PCB) wafers. Recent experiment has shown that a beam of Argon ions (Ar+) can be accelerated from 7 keV to 70 keV producing a 0.5 mA beam using 120 beamlets. To scale up to greater energies and currents a suite of computational tools are being developed to guide construction. These tools are created using Python in combination with a particle-in-cell (PIC) code Warp that is Python compatible. Here I will discuss the development and implementation of the computational tools that are being used for design and optimization in various accelerator characteristics such as transverse and longitudinal transport, and system geometries (gap spacing, electrostatic quadrupole ESQ shaping, etc.).     

Feynman's Only Mystery In Quantum Mechanics: It's What You Know That Counts

Feynman noted the ONLY mystery in QM: The possibility of different probability distributions that cannot be explained classically. He invokes the uncertainty principle to explain the mystery, but does everything he can to show that the uncertainty principle does not explain the mystery. The mystery is explained by the WAVELENGTH of a photon (ph) interacting with the electron that affects whether one can see through which hole in a 2 hole plate the electron passed. He invokes Rayleigh’s criterion (RC) from classical optics. The wavelength of the ph determines whether there is a “jolt” to the electron that can change the probability distribution from one that would have shown interference (interf)  to one that does not show interf. RC is explained in terms of the PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES of the ph’s entering one of the two detectors associated with the two holes respectively, 1) Whether one CAN tell ph’s associated with hole 1 or hole 2 are only detected at the detector near its respective hole [no interf], or 2) Instead one CANNOT tell whether ph’s associated with hole 1 or hole 2 are only detected at the detector near its respective hole  [interf]. Probability amplitudes have no physical reality but provide the basis for the probabilities that comprise the distribution/s.

    

Employment Trends: Desirable Applicant Skills of Physics Degree Holders

Many undergraduates in physics see graduate school as the ultimate goal of their education. However, the majority of physics Bachelors find employment outside of academia. Physics training encompasses a diverse set of skills—physics degree holders at all levels are highly employable in the private and government sectors, which may require a different type of skill set than academia. To investigate this point, my work this summer has focused on extracting desirable skills based on sector and degree requirements from the data available to APS. Over the course of my internship, I developed a program to collect and process APS Job Board postings, exporting common keywords that may hold significance, based on a variety of factors. The board pools job postings in various job sectors from APS and partner societies, including Physics Today, SPS, AAPM, and IEEE Computing. In collaboration with my mentor, I took this data and found the most relevant keywords to analyze.   

The Physics Research-Education as the Vehicle in both National and Global Emergency Events, such as COVID-19 Pandemic

It is argued that the Physics Research-Education projects, in addition to their focus on the national-global general public health, can also facilitate the efforts in emergency events, such as Covid-19 pandemic, via crossdisciplinary efforts, as advocated by Weisskopf, [1] and via its scientific expertise; and also, by their funding, equipment, personnel, etc. This would also augment the national-global stability. [2]

On the Support that the Special and General Theories of Relativity Provide for Rock's Argument Concerning Induced Self-Motion and Vice Versa

Though Einstein and other physicists recognized the importance of an observer being at rest in an inertial reference frame for the special theory of relativity, the supporting psychological structures were not discussed much by physicists. On the other hand, Rock wrote of the factors involved in the perception of motion, including one's own motion. Rock thus came to discuss issues of significance to relativity theory, apparently without any significant understanding of how his theory might be related to relativity theory. In this paper, connections between Rock's theory on the perception of one's own motion, as well as empirical work supporting it, and relativity theory are explored. https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9908025   

Two-dimensional HYSCORE characterization of a histidine axial ligand ligation to Chl3A in M668HPsab genetic variant of Photosystem I

Photosystem I (PSI) has been shown to contain a novel six-core chlorophyll-a moiety that is highly coupled and allows for an efficient generation and stabilization of a charge-separated state. The primary acceptor, A₀, has become particularly intriguing to assign to specific chlorophylls as the ultrafast processes and redox properties are not fully understood. This work builds on the recent studies on wild-type and a M688H_PsaA A-side mutation that probes the reduced A₀^•− state. While the M688H_PsaA A-side mutation has significant electron transfer and physiological effects, the M668H_Psab mutant lacks much of these deviations from the wild type. In this study, we have applied 2D HYSCORE spectroscopy in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations to study of the M668H_Psab variant. Curiously, the M668H_Psab mutant shows some significant hyperfine parameters differences from both the A-side wild type and M688H_PsaA. Analysis suggests that the His imidazole is the axial ligand to the central Mg²⁺ ion in Chl_3A in the M668H_Psab mutant. The electron density over the Chl₂/Chl₃ dimer results in a small but notable shift in the delocalization. This, coupled with the electron-withdrawing properties of the ligand, however, does not significantly affect the inhibition of forward electron transfer in the His-ligated conformation, which contrasts with the changes noted previously in the M688H_PsaA variant.   

Mathematical and physical explanation of the theory of everything

Most of the physicists believe that we will reach a fantastic point in the history of science, if we have a single theory that will unite all of our science under one mathematical equation.

In this paper we are going to explain the theory of everything from a different perspective. If we consider a System like our Solar System and look at the relation between the Sun and the Earth, we see that the Earth always revolves around the Sun in a closed circular path. Due to this stable structure, the following relations can be considered: “The kinetic energy = energy of Gravitational waves or Gravitational fluxes energy.”

Given that the visible light is actually the same as radiant energy, we can write “Radiant energy = Electromagnetic energy”

As the formula " E_N = MC² " is valid in nuclear explosions and it means the total mass converts to photon particles, therefore we can assume that nuclear and radiation energy of photons is equal. So, “Nuclear energy = Radiation energy”

In fact, in light bulbs “Radiant energy = Electrical energy”

Therefore, it can be said that all energies are equal, equivalent and identical. 

So with mathematical and physical methods, including calculating different type of energies, we have reached to a comprehensive equation for Theory of Everything.   

The International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development: The Role of Physicists

The year 2022 has been proclaimed as the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development. This is an extra-ordinary opportunity for the global scientific community to (a) come together to debate the role of science in everyday life, and (b) look inwards to reflect upon the various challenges such as the societal science deficit in many cultures, the various pitfalls in the paths that science has taken,  the gross  inequities in access to the fruits of science, and the inequities within the practice of science itself. While the physics discipline has had a long history of addressing these challenges and questions,  the IYBSSD provides an opportunity to consolidate a renewed set of principles to shape physics practice in relationship to other disciplines of science with insights from the social sciences, and to chart mechanisms to take the goals of the IYBSSD forward. which  will be discussed.   

Via "Complex Quantum-Statistics in Fractal-Dimensions"(QSIFDD)-1987 Discovered/Predicted Universe Whole Dark-Sector ~99.555…%(DS) Especially Unimagined ~ 75% Dark-Energy(DE): Gunn and Lahav/Jeffries[UCUL] (21)-Striking-Observational-(Nearly-Exact!!!)-Confirmation!!!

1987:"Complex Quantum-Statistics in Fractal-Dimensions" Schrodinger Cent.Symp.,ICUL(87); Symp./Fdns.Mod.-Phys.,Joensu(87)] discovering universe then unknown whole dark-sector(DS), especially then-unknown dark-energy (DE) within expanded unimgined DS. Takagi[Prog.Theo.Phys.Suppl.,88,1(86)] generic-quantum-statistics (TGQS), using Euler-formula exp()=-1 in de Moivre generic-roots-of-unity unit-circle-group expansion exp(iX)= cos(X)+i sin(X),TGQS ergo 1/[ exp(hw/kT)-(cos ()+i sin ()] with denominator regrouped 1/[[exp(hw/kT)-(cos()]+i sin ()], of damped dispersion-relations generic-form 1/[[Re(X) ]+i Im(X)]], imaginary-part dominating almost all except: 0;: estimated result(degrees:VS.harder-radians;unit-circle 2–2-points{0;}=transcendental-number with continued-fraction [2]~99.999…%); thus: ~[360–(2/360)]=[360–(1/180)]~[360–0.555...]~99.444  ...? ~100%, then(87) wildly off the(87) accepted-value universe DM~25% by simply huge then unbelievable error of 1.5 (~ 2) orders-of-magnitude (OOM ):(99.555..% - ~25%) ~75% ~ 1.5-OOM! Yet recent Gunn and separately Lahav/ Jeffries[UCUL](21) ironically almost-exactly observationally-confirms Siegel(87) by most recent largest universe sky survey concluding DS is ~99.555…%, almost exactly what Siegel(87) predicted via CQSIFDS ~34-years/3-decades   

When action is not least for systems with action-dependent Lagrangians

One way to describe the dynamics of dissipative systems is via the Herglotz variational principle, in which the equation of motion is derived from a Lagrangian which depends on the action (i.e. the "Herglotz action"). In this presentation, I will discuss how the second functional derivative of the Herglotz action can be used to infer whether a given dissipative system is dynamically stable. I will illustrate these concepts by considering two examples: a harmonic oscillator with time-independent damping, and a harmonic oscillator with time-dependent damping (and time-dependent frequency).   

“Sephirot” Digits-Counting Algebraic-Inversion to ONLY “Let There Be:BEQS/Bosons/Photons/Light!” With Ramsey-Theory(RT)/Motzkin/Calude Preclude All-SymmetrIES-Unification “Theory-of-Everything”(TOE): PRE!!!:Tryon-Hartle/Hawking-Guth-…UniverseS CreationS ScenarioS CosmogonIES!

“Sephirot” digits-counting Newcomb(1881)-Poincare(11)-Weyl(16)-Noether(22)-Ramanujan(22)-…[<BenfordonIine. net/chronological>] Antonoff/Siegel[AMS Joint-Mtg.(00);APS March-MtgS.:(00-21));APS April-MtgsS.:(19),(20)] algebraic-invertability simple[first in~140-years!] <P(d)>=log(+1+1/d) algebraic-inversion to ONLY BEQS/bosons: d=[1/[exp(<P(d)>~<w(d)>~W) -1]] aka “Let There Be Bosons/Photons/Ligtht!”,with RT[VS. Noether-(16)-Theorem (NT) symmetrIES-restoringS asymptotic-limit-antipode(ALA)]: RT[Proc.London Maths.-Soc.s230 (1):264(30)]]/ Gra-hamS[Erdos/Graphs(99)]/Motzkin[Bull.AMS:54(4):352(48):“generally large-structures more-probable VS. perfect-randomness/disorder-impossibility]/ Calude[Fdns.Sci.22, 3,595(16);PR:A89,3(14);A82,1(10);Nature 400,319(99); SI-AM J.Comp.(20);Computability.i7,259(18);Info./Comp.247,23(16);Adv.Appl.Maths.40,295(08);…] :“effort should study degrees-of-random-ness/randomness-spectum/ spectral-randomness/internals”[VS. spectral-geometries/externals] VS. NT asymptotic-limit-antipodeS:randomness aka ANY/ALL-symmetrIES-restoringS “TOE” ostensibly-nested-bac kboneS;Euler[graphs of topology of networks]. RT [VS. NT)] challenges/disrupts explic-itly QUANTitatively,if not implicitly QUALitatively,ANY/ALL: physics:mechanics:thermo(esp.:entropy:universe, black-holes),statistical,quant-um(UNcertaintIES,measurementS);fluids;nonlinear:chaos,turbulence:any/all discrete-maths.-derived-scienceS!