Session E5: LS Large Scale Experiments I

Capabilities of the Extreme Conditions Beamline at PETRA III, DESY

At the end of 2010 the Extreme Conditions Beamline (ECB) at PETRA III received first beam and entered the commissioning phase. Since 2012 we are offering beamtime to general users to conduct a variety of different experiments such as powder and single diffraction in the laser/resistive heated and cryogenically cooled Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC). Particularly attractive has been our ability to conducted diffraction experiments at high energies of 60 and 77 keV for pair distribution function (PDF) studies as well as possibility to preform time resolved powder diffraction experiments at 26 and 43 keV with a maximum time resolution of 15 Hz. Within we present some of the current capabilities of the beamline as well as future plans to promote single crystal diffraction at high pressures and temperatures using both monochromatic and pink beam. Finally, we emphasis the present and future time resolved capabilities to conduct powder and single crystal diffraction experiments under dynamic compression and heating conditions in the DAC.   

X-ray Diffraction and Multi-Frame Phase Contrast Imaging Diagnostics for IMPULSE at the Advanced Photon Source

The diagnostic needs of any dynamic loading platform present unique technical challenges that must be addressed in order to accurately measure \textit{in situ} material properties in an extreme environment. The IMPULSE platform (IMPact system for Ultrafast Synchrotron Experiments) at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) is no exception and, in fact, may be more challenging, as the imaging diagnostics must be synchronized to both the experiment and the 60 ps wide x-ray bunches produced at APS. The technical challenges of time-resolved x-ray diffraction imaging and high-resolution multi-frame phase contrast imaging (PCI) are described in this paper. Example data from recent IMPULSE experiments are shown to illustrate the advances and evolution of these diagnostics with a focus on comparing the performance of two intensified CCD cameras and their suitability for multi-frame PCI. The continued development of these diagnostics is fundamentally important to IMPULSE and many other loading platforms and will benefit future facilities such as the Dynamic Compression Sector at APS and MaRIE at Los Alamos National Laboratory.   

Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) Instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source

The behavior and physical properties of matter under extreme conditions are of fundamental scientific interest. Extreme conditions created by intense light source generates dense state with densities of up to several times of solid density, temperatures of 0.1eV to 100s eV, and pressures of 10s kbar to 10s Mbar. Model calculations in this regime predict electronic and structural phase transitions with new atomic and electronic band structure, anomalous transport, and changes of scattering properties and opacity. A new technique using the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), an x-ray free electron laser source, was developed at Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) endstation to study wide range of extreme conditions in phase space. The LCLS has $\ge $3 mJ per 60 fs pulse enabling an intensity x-ray beam between 4 keV -9.5 keV to be focused onto a small spot $\sim$1 micron at MEC. The research areas that MEC instrument will address include equation of state, behavior of materials under high-pressure, and phenomena of solid materials under extreme conditions. We operate MEC instrument for users' experiments studying warm dense matter, hot dense matter, and high pressure physics. Here, we present the details of the MEC instrument, capabilities and progress.   

Time resolved and Extreme conditions X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (TEXAS) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility

The ESRF has started an ambitious project spread over 10 years aimed at an upgrade of the accelerator, beamlines and infrastructure. One of the first upgrade beamlines (UPBLs) to become operational, UPBL11, is totally dedicated to Time resolved and Extreme conditions X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (TEXAS). This facility, based on the upgrade of the former energy dispersive XAS beamline ID24, will provide the user community new opportunities for investigating matter at extreme conditions of pressure, temperature and magnetic field. Target experiments for the future include kinetic studies of chemical reactions at high pressure and temperature, and investigation of extreme states of matter that can be maintained only over very short periods of time. Since UPBL11 has only recently been opened to user operation, I will first give a brief overview of results obtained on the former ID24 in the area of extreme conditions. Examples cover element selective magnetometry under pulsed magnetic fields of 30T, studies of chemical reactions that occur in the interior of planets, the investigation of pressure induced collapse of ferromagnetism in 3d metals, and first attempts to probe the electronic and local structure in melts at high pressures. Then I will illustrate the status and the performance of the new dedicated experimental setups for extreme conditions on UPBL11. First results from the new laser heating facility able to reach the multi-megabar regime at temperatures above 4000 K and the pulsed high magnetic field facility for XAS studies under fields up to 35 T and temperatures down to 1.5 K will be given. I will conclude with a few ideas for future experiments that exploit the advantages of the energy dispersive optical scheme for the study of matter under conditions so extreme that they can be maintained only for very short periods of time.   

New Hybrid Experimental Facility for High-Pressure / Low-Temperature XRD at SPring-8

Novel pressure-induced phenomena of materials, such as changes in elastic, electronic, magnetic and other properties, including superconductivity, appear dominantly under low-temperature conditions rather than at room temperature or above. In order to enable accurate and reliable discussions of physics and chemistry in dense materials, it is extremely important to observe experimentally~multiple physical properties, such as structural parameters and phonon modes, at exactly the same P/T conditions. Recently, we have developed a new simultaneous measurement system combined with HP/LT x-ray diffraction and on-axial optics micro-Raman spectroscopy, by using an x-ray transmission mirror, at the beamline BL10XU of SPring-8. This system potentially offers new possibilities for resolving novel phase transitions by precise and efficient determination of structural phase-equilibrium.   

New possibilities at beamline ID27 of the ESRF

Beamline ID27 is fully optimised for monochromatic high resolution XRD in order to address the most exciting and challenging questions related to science at very high pressures. This beamline can easily accommodate very complex sample environments such as the double-sided laser heating system, the Paris-Edinburgh press and the HP helium cryostat. These techniques are powerful tools to explore a very wide pressure (P\textgreater 2 Mbar) and temperature domain (5\textless T\textless 5000 K). The beamline components (source, optics and detectors) are entirely designed to give the best possible response to these very demanding conditions. The most recent developments including an in situ CO2 laser heating system and a high temperature resistively heated diamond anvil cell will be presented.