Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2021
Volume 66, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 15–19, 2021; Virtual; Time Zone: Central Daylight Time, USA
Session M23: Materials in Extremes: Novel ExperimentsLive
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Sponsoring Units: GSCCM Chair: Raymond Clay, Sandia National Laboratories |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 11:30AM - 11:42AM Live |
M23.00001: Shock wave approach to measuring temperature dependence of twinning stress Eugene Zaretsky, Adir Hazan, Louisa Meshi, Nahum Frage Twinning stress τtw is an important constitutive parameter of crystal solids. Routinely, measured (by quasi-static tension/compression tests) values of τtw are characterized by strong scatter while the temperature domain of such measurements is seriously limited due to the great difference between the τtw and τcrss at ambient and high temperatures. The presently suggested approach to measure τtw consists of two steps. The first step is determination of concentration Ntw(h) of shock-generated twins as a function of the propagation distance h. This is done based on metallographic examinations of shock-loaded and softly recovered 3 – 6 mm thick sample of the studied material. The second step is calibration of the shear stress τ(h), responsible for the twins’ generation, by series of VISAR-instrumented impact tests (of the same strength) with the samples of different thickness h. The shear stressτ(h*), corresponding to the Ntw(h*) = 0 is the material’s twinning stress τtw. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 11:42AM - 11:54AM Live |
M23.00002: Forward Modeling Fringe Analysis For Improved High Speed Velocimetry David Erskine When near-instantaneous shocks are recorded by a Doppler velocity interferometer (VISAR) they typically exceed the detector’s ability to react, and “skipped fringes" result where its visibility briefly reduces. Traditionally, replacing skipped fringes required guesswork in analysis, which increased arrival time errors. Secondly, the use of long but velocity-sensitive interferometer delays with fast detectors which can resolve the delay has traditionally been avoided, because of the fear of confusing the arrival time signal. But shorter delays produce smaller fringe phase shift per velocity and thus can decrease velocity precision. We realize that while some loss of fringe information occurs at shock events, this is often just a partial loss, and the residual fringe information can still hold valuable information. We describe a forward model (FM) of the interferometer action and detector blurring that assists with VISAR fringe analysis at skipping events: (1) more precise shock arrival times, (2) even with long delays, and (3) improved ghost subtraction which improves accuracy over a broad time region. We demonstrate the utility of FM on National Ignition Facility (NIF) and Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) Omega shots. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 11:54AM - 12:06PM Not Participating |
M23.00003: Optical Spectroscopy Measurements on Decaying Shocks in Transparent Crystals Brian Henderson, Gilbert W Collins, James R Rygg, Danae Polsin, Suzanne J Ali, Peter M Celliers In dynamic compression experiments, materials experience dramatic changes in their physical and chemical properties, manifesting in the material’s optical emission. For experiments involving high density, temperature is not a well-constrained parameter, requiring sophisticated models to infer thermodynamic properties. To this end, our work developed an optical spectroscopy diagnostic for the OMEGA EP Laser System at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. This diagnostic measures the time- and wavelength-resolved thermal emission of laser-compressed materials. We present the design of the system, its performance, and experiments on decaying shocks in transparent crystals. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 12:06PM - 12:18PM Live |
M23.00004: Update on multi-megabar shockless compression at Sandia’s Z machine (2021) Jean-Paul Davis, Justin Brown Quasi-isentropic, shockless ramp-wave experiments promise accurate equation-of-state (EOS) data of materials in the solid phase at relatively low temperatures and multi-megabar (100’s GPa) pressures. In this range of pressure, isothermal diamond-anvil techniques have limited pressure accuracy due to reliance on theoretical EOS of calibration standards, thus accurate quasi-isentropic compression data would help immensely in constraining EOS models. Multi-megabar shockless compression experiments using the Z Machine at Sandia as a magnetic drive with stripline targets have been performed on many solid materials over the past decade. An update is given on recent results and developments, including analysis methods and uncertainty quantification. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 12:18PM - 12:30PM Live |
M23.00005: Dynamic Temperature and Emissivity Determination in Shock Compressed Mineral Samples Hannah Shelton, David Brantley, Ryan Crum, Yekaterina Opachich, Eric Dutra, Minta C Akin Shock compression studies of minerals allow for the experimental measurement of properties necessary for accurately determining equations of state, including predicting a mineral’s behavior within planetary interiors. However, while pressure and volume can be measured precisely, temperature measurements are subject to assumptions of materials properties that produce varied results. One of the most predominant issues in accurate temperature determination is the emissivity of the shocked material. We have performed a series of gas gun compression experiments on forsterite (Mg2SiO4), quartz (SiO2), and iron (Fe) utilizing discrete wavelength pyrometry, as well as streaked optical pyrometry using a xenon flashlamp light source to gather time- and wavelength-resolved reflectivity information. Our results show the assumption of constant emissivity with respect to both temperature and wavelength is not always valid, but can be retrieved from in-situ measurements or modeled preemptively. We will discuss the development of these techniques, target design, and options for situations where in-situ reflectivity determination is not possible. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 12:30PM - 12:42PM Live |
M23.00006: Inferring 3D Behavior of Dynamically Compressed Granular Materials from X-ray Tomography and Dynamic Radiography Measurements Adyota Gupta, Ryan Crum, Chongpu Zhai, Kaliat T Ramesh, Ryan Hurley We present the results of shock compression experiments performed on granular materials composed of spherical, cubic, and angular quartz and glass particles at the Dynamic Compression Sector (DCS) of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). Prior to shock compression, the samples, which contained several hundred particles, were examined using x-ray computed tomography (XRCT) to determine the morphology and location of each particle in 3D. During shock compression, we used in-situ x-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) to obtain 2D images of the shock compression process. We present an algorithm that uses both of these datasets to determine the 3D particle kinematics at each instant of time for which we have 2D in-situ XPCI images. Using the 3D particle kinematics, we show the evolution of the heterogeneity of the particle velocity, shock front thickness, and porosity. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 12:42PM - 12:54PM Live |
M23.00007: Comparing Temperature Convergence of Shocked Thin Films of Tin and Iron to a Bulk Temperature Source David Brantley, Ryan Crum, Minta C Akin An outstanding challenge in developing a complete equation of state for materials at elevated pressure and temperature is a robust method of determining the bulk temperature state under dynamic conditions. In metals, the determination of bulk temperature states by optical pyrometry is complicated by the small optical depth and thermal conduction effects. These effects lead to observed temperatures differing by 20% or more from the bulk temperature state. In this work, we show the presence of thermal conduction effects in temperature measurements of tin and iron coatings during dynamic compression experiments. We show that tin, in contrast to iron, coatings can fail to converge to a bulk temperature source over the time scale of the experiment, requiring the experimenter to modify assumptions, design, or analysis. This work bounds thermal transport at shocked conditions. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 12:54PM - 1:06PM Live |
M23.00008: Liquid diffraction pink beam corrections using a combination of MD and experimental shock data Saransh Singh, Richard Briggs, Amy L Coleman, Shuai Zhang, Federica Coppari, Martin G Gorman, Raymond F Smith, Jon Henry Eggert, Dayne Fratanduono Recent addition of laser systems to synchrotron beamlines have opened up the possibility of performing high quality diffraction experiments of shock melted liquids. For such experiments, monochromators are typically not employed to maintain high photon flux. This introduces artefacts in the diffraction data in the form of shifts in the liquid peaks to higher angles, which needs to be accounted for while performing quantitative analysis. In this contribution, we present a new methodology to correct the pink beam effects by performing a Taylor series expansion of the diffraction signal about the x-ray photon energy. The first order approximation is used to computes a quasi-monochromatic diffraction spectrum which is used to estimate liquid densities. We present the efficacy of the proposed method using both simulated diffraction data derived from Ab Initio Molecular dynamics and experimental data recorded at the Dynamic Compression Sector for Tin. Our results show that the proposed methodology can accurately estimate mean densities (< 1% error) for the simulated data and gives reasonable estimates of density for experimental data. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 1:06PM - 1:18PM Live |
M23.00009: Magnetic Structures Refinements of High-Pressure Phases of Rare Earth Metals using Spallation Neutron Source Christopher Perreault, Yogesh Kumar Vohra, Antonio dos Santos, Jamie Molaison Neutron diffraction experiments are useful for determining both nuclear and magnetic structures of a material. Novel large volume diamond anvil cells (DAC) have been developed for use in neutron diffraction experiments to reach pressures exceeding 20 GPa. Rare earth elements dysprosium (Dy) and holmium (Ho) were studied using neutron diffraction to pressures of 22 GPa and 27 GPa respectively and cooled to 15 K. Previous experiments have determined the magnetic structure in the ambient pressure hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase but have not resolved magnetic ordering in the high-pressure alpha-Samarium (α-Sm) and double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) phases. We present experiments resolving magnetic ordering observed in the high pressure α-Sm and dhcp phases at low temperatures. The incommensurate and commensurate magnetic structure in rare-earth metals were determined from magnetic structure refinement of the data. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 1:18PM - 1:30PM Not Participating |
M23.00010: Experimental Investigation on Magnetically Driven Metal Liner Implosions at High Velocity Yu Lu, Chengwei Sun, Zhuowei Gu, Fuli Tan, Guiji Wang, Jianheng Zhao A high speed implosion experiment of magnetically driven metal liner has been conducted on the pulse power device CQ-3 at the Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP. In the experiment, the load configuration consists of two Al(2024) liners in series on the circuit. The loading current roses along 500ns with a peak of 2.2MA. The PDV( Photonic Doppler velocimetry) probes were used to measure the velocity histories of liner's free surfaces. The experimental data show that the implosion velocity of the inner liner was up to 6.5km/s. The implosion velocity history calculated with the SSS-MHD code well agrees with the measured one. According to the calculated pressure vs. time on the inner liner's radial profile, it is indicated that the liner material Al subjected a maximum pressure about 22GPa while under ramp loading in the implosion. In view of this experiment and similar works abroad, it could be expected that the experiments of magnetically driven metal liner high velocity implosion would have important prospects applied in ultra-high pressure quasi-isentropic compression, material dynamics at high strain rates, Magneto-Inertial Fusion (MIF) research and etc.. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 1:30PM - 1:42PM Live |
M23.00011: Temperature measurements on cerium shocked to stress states that span the melt boundary Brian Jensen, Thomas Hartsfield, Frank Cherne The ability to measure temperature in shock wave experiments has been a long-standing scientific challenge. Such experiments are often complicated by the short time scales and the presence of non-thermal or external light sources that pollute measured radiances when optical pyrometry methods are used. In this presentation, we describe experimental efforts to apply an optical pyrometry method to obtain temperatures for cerium shocked to stresses that span the melt boundary. Radiance data were used to determine the Huguoniot curves for the solid and liquid by measuring the longitudinal stress and temperature simultaneously in the shocked state. These data were further used to estimate the temperature for incipient and complete melting, and to further constrain our multiphase EOS that describes the shock response of cerium at high pressures. These experimental methods and challenges, experimental results, and implications for future work will be discussed. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 1:42PM - 1:54PM Not Participating |
M23.00012: A new internally heated diamond anvil cell system for time-resolved optical and x-ray measurements Yimin Mijiti, Andrea Di Cicco We have developed and tested a new internally heated DAC as reported in a recent paper published in Review of Scientific Instruments [1]. The system includes a portable vacuum chamber and was designed for routine performance of x-ray and optical experiments. We have adopted a self-heating W/Re gasket design allowing for both sample confinement and heating. This solution proved to be very efficient to improve heating and cooling rates in a temperature regime up to 1500 K. The system has been widely tested and calibrated under high-temperature conditions. The temperature distribution was measured by in situ optical measurements and resulted to be uniform within the typical uncertainty of the measurements (5% at 1000 K). XAS (x-ray absorption spectroscopy) of pure Ge at 3.5 GPa were easily obtained in the 300 K–1300 K range, studying the melting transition and nucleation to the crystal phase. An original XAS-based dynamical temperature calibration procedure was developed and used to monitor the sample and diamond temperatures, indicating that heating and cooling rates in the 100 K/s range can be easily achieved using this device. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 1:54PM - 2:06PM Live |
M23.00013: New developments in large volume static compression with in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction at High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT) at the Advanced Photon Source Rostislav Hrubiak, Guoyin Shen, Curtis Kenney-Benson, Changyong Park, Arun Bommannavar, Yu Shu, itaru ohira, yoshio kono The integration of x-ray diffraction measurements with physical properties characterizations in a large volume cell provides a unique opportunity to investigate in-situ correlation between the atomic structure and the macroscopic properties of matter at high pressure (P) and high temperature (T) conditions. The beamline 16-BM-B capable of near comprehensive large-volume sample characterization at high P and high T conditions in a Paris-Edinburgh (PE) cell by using a multitude of in-situ x-ray-based techniques. An overview of the supported techniques that are available to users, with emphasis on new developments, is presented. Available techniques include: double-stage PE for amorphous structural measurements above 100 GPa, ultrasonic echo, tomography, fluid viscosity, high P-T synthesis, x-ray absorption density measurement, powder diffraction, phase contrast radiography, liquid (im)miscibility, and thermoelectric properties measurements. |
Wednesday, March 17, 2021 2:06PM - 2:18PM Live |
M23.00014: Study of the dynamic compression response of SiO2 to Mbar pressures using in-situ femtosecond X-ray diffraction and ab initio simulations Karen Appel, Markus Schoelmerich, Cynthia Bolme, Eric Galtier, Arianna E Gleason, Bob Nagler, Thomas Preston, Ronald A. Redmer, Raymond F Smith, Sally Tracy, Thomas Tschentscher, Lennart Paul Wollenweber, Ulf Zastrau We investigated the high-pressure behavior of SiO2 which is of great interest to planetary- and material science, as it is a major phase constituent in the Earth's mantle and widely used as standard material in shock compression experiments. The high-pressure phase transformations of quartz, observed in static and dynamic (shock) compression experiments, are contradicting and questions remain about the effect of compression rate on the structural response. We performed time-resolved X-ray diffraction studies at 15 - 130 GPa, using the dynamics compression platform at the MEC end-station of the Linac Coherent Light Source. Our study mainly focused on the in situ time-resolved structural transformation of quartz on its respective Hugoniot and reaching temperatures corresponding to the SiO2-liquidus regime. |
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