Curved Geometries from Planar Director Fields: Solving the Two-Dimensional Inverse Problem*

Thin nematic elastomers, composite hydrogels, and plant tissues are among many systems that display uniform anisotropic deformation upon external actuation. In these materials, the spatial orientation variation of a local director field induces intricate global shape changes. Despite extensive efforts, until recently there was no general solution to the inverse design problem: How to design a director field that deforms exactly into a desired surface geometry upon actuation, or whether such a field exists. In this work, we phrase this inverse problem as a hyperbolic system of differential equations. We prove that the inverse problem is locally integrable, provide an algorithm for its integration, and derive bounds on global solutions. We classify the set of director fields that deform into a given surface, thus paving the way to finding optimized fields.