Active superelasticity in three-dimensional epithelia of controlled shape*

Fundamental biological processes are carried out by curved epithelial sheets enclosing a pressurized lumen. How these sheets develop and withstand three-dimensional deformations has remained unclear. By combining measurements of epithelial tension and shape with theoretical modeling, here we show that epithelial sheets are active superelastic materials. We produce arrays of epithelial domes with controlled geometry. Quantification of luminal pressure and epithelial tension reveals a tensional plateau over several-fold areal strains. These extreme tissue strains are accommodated by highly heterogeneous cellular strains, in seeming contradiction with the measured tensional uniformity. This phenomenology is reminiscent of superelasticity, a behavior generally attributed to microscopic material instabilities in metal alloys. We show that this instability is triggered in epithelial cells by a stretch-induced dilution of the actin cortex and rescued by the intermediate filament network. Our study unveils a new type of mechanical behavior -active superelasticity- that enables epithelial sheets to sustain extreme stretching under constant tension.