Topological Magnetic Writing: Controlling the magnetic state of nanostructures*

Networks of magnetic nanostructures are of broad interest from novel data storage and computation to magnonic crystals. One family of nanomagnetic arrays, characterized by strong and frustrated magnetic interactions are the artificial spin ices (ASI).¹ ASI structures have provided vast amounts of physical insight in recent years in part due to their ability to model complex systems and exhibit exotic phenomena such as ‘magnetic monopole’-like states.² The power of these networks stems from the extraordinary number of unique microstates, even in systems comprising relatively few nanostructures. However, magnetic nanoarrays in general, and ASI structures in particular, have yet to realise their full potential as the majority of microstates remain inaccessible due to the rudimentary state-writing tools currently available. An experimental means to prepare all potential microstates has huge implications, including realising ASI as a tunable-bandgap magnonic crystal³ or reconfigurable neural-network⁴. We present a novel MFM-tip based state writing technique,⁵ building on our previously demonstrated domain-wall injection process.⁶ It requires no global fields and is applicable to all nanostructure architectures, providing control over the spin-configuration and access to every possible microstate. We demonstrate our method via realisation of several exotic and thus-far unobserved states, unachievable via global field-protocols: ‘magnetic monopole-defect’ chains and the spin-crystal ground state of kagome ASI.

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2 S. Ladak et al. Nature Physics 6, 359-363, (2010).
3 L. J. Heyderman et al. J. Phys.-Condes. Matter 25, 363201, (2013).
4 Y. L. Wang et al. Science 352, 962-966, (2016).
5 J. C. Gartside et al. Nat Nanotechnol 13, 53, (2018).
6 J. C. Gartside et al. Sci Rep-Uk 6, 32864, (2016).