Understanding of solid/liquid and solid/gas interfaces in reactions from the in-situ/operando soft x-ray spectroscopy*

The energy materials and devices have been largely limited in a framework of thermodynamic and kinetic concepts or atomic and nanoscale, which rests in large on fundamental understanding of the physical and chemical interfacial processes. Soft x-ray techniques offer unique characterization in many important energy materials and catalysis in regards to the functionality, complexity of material architecture, chemistry and interactions among constituents within. The presentation gives brief accounts of energy materials and catalysis research using soft x-ray spectroscopy, scattering and imaging capabilities at the 3rd generation light source.