Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2018
Volume 63, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 5–9, 2018; Los Angeles, California
Session B26: Sensing with Defects |
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Sponsoring Units: DQI Chair: Kristiaan De Greve, Harvard Univ Room: LACC 404A |
Monday, March 5, 2018 11:15AM - 11:27AM |
B26.00001: Enhanced Imaging with Diamond Nitrogen Vacancy Centers: Twenty-Fold Increase in Imaging Speed Using Spin-to-Charge Readout Techniques Dolev Bluvstein, Amila Ariyaratne, Ania Jayich The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an emerging tool for nanoscale imaging; and with recent demonstrations of single-molecule detection, imaging molecular structure is the next frontier. Incorporating single NV centers into scanning probe microscopy is a promising route toward imaging molecules with atomic-scale resolution. However, an outstanding challenge is the prohibitively long imaging time associated with point-by-point scanning and the inherent sparsity of signal from a single photon emitter. Here we demonstrate a twenty-fold speed-up in imaging time using a spin-to-charge readout technique, which maximizes the readout signal by converting the easily-demolished spin state into a stable charge state. Importantly, this enhancement is robust across many NVs, in particular those near the surface which are critical for imaging with high spatial resolution. I will show that our spin-to-charge assisted imaging technique provides sufficient sensitivity for second-scale detection and minute-scale imaging of single Gd spin labels: an important step toward NV-based imaging of single molecules. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 11:27AM - 11:39AM |
B26.00002: High precision electric field sensing with spin ensembles in diamond Jakob Steiner, Julia Michl, Andrej Denisenko, Philipp Neumann, Marcus Doherty, Junichi Isoya, Jörg Wrachtrup Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are applied as quantum sensors predominently for magnetometry but also for thermometry, piezometry and electrometry. While single NV sensors exhibit nanometer scale spatial resolution in field imaging, the measurement with a NV ensemble allows for precision measurements on the micron scale. In this fashion, single NV centers can perform magnetic resonance imaging of nanoscale structures and NV ensembles reach a magnetic field sensitivity of < 1 pT/Hz1/2 [1]. Less known is the NV's ability to detect fundamental charges [2,3]. Here, we demonstrate precision measurements of electric fields with NV ensembles. Despite the small susceptibility of the NV center's spin to electric fields, high precision is achieved due to efficient noise cancelation and the long coherence time of NV centers, even at room temperature. This raises the prospect of NV-diamond application for quantum-based, micron-scale electrometers. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 11:39AM - 11:51AM |
B26.00003: Increasing the Magnetic Sensitivity of Ensembles of Nitrogen Vacancy Center Spins in Diamond for Wide Field Imaging Tim Eichhorn, Claire McLellan, Ania Jayich A magnetometer based on electron spin ensembles of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers is a promising sensor for microscopic imaging of magnetic fields with high spatial and temporal resolution over a wide field of view. Enhancing sensitivity by increasing the density of NV centers while maintaining high spatial resolution is limited by inhomogeneous broadening inherent to spin ensembles. Starting with NV centers carefully engineered inside PECVD-grown diamond, we identify and quantify the factors that limit sensitivity in NV ensembles and we present our approach to mitigating their decohering effects. With the aid of dedicated sensing schemes we thus approach sensitivities of sub nanoTesla/√Hz in a 5x5x0.5 μm3 readout volume. This sensitivity and the magnetometer’s biocompatibility opens up exciting applications, e.g. probing biological action potentials of neurons plated on the diamond sensor. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 11:51AM - 12:03PM |
B26.00004: Imaging hydrodynamic electron flow in graphene with nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond Mark Ku, Qing Li, Jing Shi, Young Jae Shin, Huiliang Zhang, Francesco Casola, Philip Kim, Amir Yacoby, Ronald Walsworth Strongly-interacting electronic systems feature transport that resembles the flow of a hydrodynamic fluid. Viscosity of such electron transport can lead to novel flow patterns, such as Poiseulle flow and vortices. Recent experiments in graphene and other materials provide evidence for such phenomena via electrical measurements. Here, we describe progress towards imaging hydrodynamic current flow in graphene via measurements of the associated stray magnetic field using nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. An encapsulated graphene device is fabricated on a diamond. A dense ensemble of near-surface NVs, located beneath the graphene, serves as a local magnetic field sensor. The NV spin states are read out via their fluorescence and imaged onto a camera, revealing the local magnetic field pattern. We obtain high-resolution images of the stray-field generated by current flow in graphene, from which we reconstruct the pattern of electron flow. From these current maps we elucidate the effects of electron viscosity on local electron flow, which are otherwise difficult to access via traditional electrical measurements. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 12:03PM - 12:15PM |
B26.00005: Nanoscale Spin Resonance Spectroscopy by Diamond Sensor Jiangfeng Du Magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, a powerful tool for the structure analysis of a molecule and widely used by chemists and biologists. However, conventional MR spectroscopy requires macroscopic sample quantities with typically a cubic sub-millimeters, i.e., nanoliter sized sample volume at least. Nano-MR has been a long-standing aspiration.To achieve the scientific goal, NV defect center in diamond - (NV) is selected as the sensitivity magnetic probe. Ultra-long spin coherence time for such qubits, even at room temperature, enables it is ultra-sensitivity to external magnetic noise with characteristic frequency. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 12:15PM - 12:27PM |
B26.00006: Scanning Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Magnetic Imaging of Skyrmions Alec Jenkins, Guoqiang Yu, Susanne Baumann, Simon Meynell, Matthew Pelliccione, Preeti Ovartchaiyapong, kang wang, Ania Jayich Topological excitations in thin-film magnetic systems, known as skyrmions, have been proposed as the basis of near-future, high density and low power memory devices. Before practical devices based on these excitations can be realized, new materials must be designed that maximize skyrmion current-driven velocities, minimize the depinning current densities, and host nanoscale skyrmions at length scales competitive with existing technologies (<100 nm). In this work, we utilize a scanning probe based on the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond to magnetically image skyrmions with high spatial resolution, revealing variation and fluctuation of their shape. We observe hints of the interplay between skyrmion domain wall dynamics and pinning sites, an understanding of which will be important for future device applications. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 12:27PM - 12:39PM |
B26.00007: Nanoscale Electron Spin Resonance of Radicals Using a NV Center in Diamond Laura Mugica, Chathuranga Abeywardana, Susumu Takahashi A nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a promising candidate for applications in room temperature magnetic sensing with single spin sensitivity. In this presentation, we will discuss nanoscale NV-based electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of radicals where the target radicals are located outside the diamond lattice. For sample preparation, we fabricate NV centers with a long decoherence time near the diamond surface by employing a low energy ion implantation and subsequent annealing process [1]. A surface chemistry technique is used to graft functional target radicals on the diamond surface [2]. Then, we perform double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy to obtain ESR spectrum the target radicals at the nanoscale which provides the fingerprint of the radicals and their dynamics. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 12:39PM - 12:51PM |
B26.00008: Local optical detection of nitrogen concentration in diamond by double electron-electron resonance Tomoyuki Niki, Shang Li, Viktor Stepanov, Zaili Peng, Andrey Jarmola, Yasuhiro Shimizu, Susumu Takahashi, Dmitry Budker Magnetic impurities in diamond influence the relaxation properties [1] and thus affect the sensitivity of magnetic, electric, strain, and temperature sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy color centers. Diamond samples may exhibit significant spatial variations in the impurity concentrations hindering quantitative analysis of relaxation pathways. Here we present a local-measurement technique which may be used to determine the concentration of different species of defects by utilizing double electron-electron resonance [2]. This method will help to improve the understanding of the underlying physics and will guide the development of diamond samples, as well as offering protocols for optimized sensing. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 12:51PM - 1:03PM |
B26.00009: Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Ensembles for Wide-Field Magnetic Imaging: Optimizing Sensitivity through Diamond Growth Claire McLellan, Tim Eichhorn, Ania Jayich Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are promising quantum sensors for magnetic sensing. In one modality, which has important utility for condensed matter and biological systems, high-density NV ensembles can realize rapid, noninvasive, and highly-sensitive wide-field magnetic imaging with micron-scale spatial resolution. An outstanding challenge is to increase the NV ensemble sensitivity while maintaining spatial resolution. The fundamental sensitivity for an NV ensemble (η) scales inversely with the number of centers in the sensing volume (N) and inversely with NV coherence time (T2*): (η α 1/√(T2* N)). I will present our recently developed diamond growth and NV formation techniques that aim to increase the density of NV center ensembles while retaining their long coherence times, thus increasing the sensitivity of our magnetometer. Combining nitrogen δ-doped diamond and electron irradiation from a transmission electron microscope, the sensitivity of our ensemble NV magnetometers approaches sub nanoTesla/√Hz sensitivity in a 5x5x0.5 μm3 volume. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 1:03PM - 1:15PM |
B26.00010: Abstract Withdrawn
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Monday, March 5, 2018 1:15PM - 1:27PM |
B26.00011: Magnetic criticality-enhanced nanodiamond-thermometer under ambient conditions Ning Wang, Gangqin Liu, Weng Hang Leong, Hualing Zeng, Xi Feng, Sihong Li, Florian Dolde, Helmut Fedder, J. Wrachtrup, Xiaodong Cui, Sen Yang, Quan Li, Renbao Liu Nanoscale temperature sensing is useful for research in physics, chemistry and life science. A nano-thermometer with high sensitivity will unveil many unknowns such as heating dissipation in nano-circuits, energy transfer in nano-scale chemical reaction, and temperature heterogeneities in living cells. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have been demonstrated as room-temperature atomic quantum sensors due to their superb coherence properties. While NV center spins are sensitive to external magnetic field, they are relatively insensitive to temperature. Here, we designed and experimentally demonstrated a hybrid nanosensor composed of a fluorescence nanodiamond and a magnetic nanoparticle, in which the temperature sensitivity is enhanced by the critical magnetization of the magnetic nanoparticle near the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition. We experimentally realized a sensitivity of 11 mK/√Hz with NV centers in nanodiamond. The working range of this hybrid sensor can be designed from cryogenic temperature to 600 K by choosing materials with different critical temperatures. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 1:27PM - 1:39PM |
B26.00012: Microscale nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with diamond chips. Janis Smits, Andrey Jarmola, Lykourgas Bougas, Nazanin Mosavian, Ilja Fescenko, Pauli Kehayias, Abdelghani Laraoui, Victor Acosta We present sensitivity improvements due to new fabrication and spin detection techniques of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, which enable new detection modalities such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments capable of sensing small quantities (<1 pL) of analyte [1] and achieving spectral resolutions capable of distinguishing proton chemical shifts [2]. I will present a progress report, including the achievement of sensitivities of 300 pT/(Hz)½, which are sufficient to detect the thermal polarization of ~1 molar proton concentrations. I will also outline a path to detecting biologically-relevant millimolar proton concentrations using optical hyperpolarization methods. I will also present recent progress to use DC diamond magnetic microscopy to image the paramagnetic properties of individual hemozoin crystals, a biological compound produced by malaria parasites, and obtained good agreement with previous work on ensemble magnetic properties of hemozoin [3]. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 1:39PM - 1:51PM |
B26.00013: Thermometry with germanium-vacancy color center in diamond Alexey Akimov
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Monday, March 5, 2018 1:51PM - 2:03PM |
B26.00014: High spatial resolution optical sensing with nitrogen vacancy center Fang-Wen Sun, Xiangdong Chen, G-C Guo Quantum sensing with nanoscale resolution is a useful tool for nanoscience. Due to long spin coherence time and stable fluorescence, nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond emerges as an important system for quantum sensing. Also, because of its sub-nanometer size, high spatial resolution is one of the most important advantages of the NV-based-sensing. By controlling the charge state transition between NV$^0$ and NV$^-$, we have developed a charge state depletion (CSD) nanoscopy on NV center to achieve sub-10nm spatial resolution with ultra-low pump power \footnote{ X.-D. Chen, et.al. Light-Sci. & Appl. 4, e230 (2015); X.-D. Chen, et.al. Phys. Rev. Appl. 7, 014008 (2017)}. Such a CSD nanoscopy has been applied to image the nanostructure with high spatial resolution. Moreover, by combining the CSD nanoscopy with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, the optical density of a metal nanowire has been measured with sub-diffraction limit resolution. Since the NV center can also be applied in the sensing of electromagnetic field and temperature, a multi-function quantum sensor with nanoscale resolution can be achieved based on the CSD nanoscopy. |
Monday, March 5, 2018 2:03PM - 2:15PM |
B26.00015: NV Center Detection of Electric Fields and Low-Intensity Light Nicholas Harmon, Michael Flatté Nitrogen vacancy (NV) center spins in diamond are attractive candidates for quantum information processing and sensitive, nanoscale magnetometers due to their long spin coherence times under ambient conditions [1]. The ground state of the NV spin is also sensitive to electric fields [2]. We present a theory of quantum detection using positive operator valued measurements wherein the presence of an electric field is determined by spin-dependent fluorescence of an NV center. The predicted sensitivity to small electric fields can also be used for photon detection. Photons incident upon a chromophore near the diamond interface may induce a charge polarization and electric dipole moment of several Debye [3, 4]. The measured readout state from the NV center predicts the existence of the photo-excited electric dipole field and, by extension, the incident photon. We describe a measurement protocol by which the time of the incident photon can be resolved. We discuss the role of magnetic fields and multiple NV centers in reducing error rates. |
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