Bulletin of the American Physical Society
2009 APS March Meeting
Volume 54, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 16–20, 2009; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Session H36: Carbon Nanotubes: Electrothermal Transport and Raman Spectroscopy |
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Sponsoring Units: DCMP Chair: Stephen Cronin, University of Southern California Room: 408 |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 8:00AM - 8:12AM |
H36.00001: Restricted Wiedemann-Franz law in 1D conductors Marcelo Kuroda, Jean-Pierre Leburton We show that under external electric fields or thermal gradients, carrier distributions in one-dimensional (1D) conductors with linear $E$-$k$ dispersion have different temperatures for forward and backward (branch) carrier populations, as a consequence of self-consistent carrier-heat transport. We derive the moment equations of the Boltzmann transport equation, in the presence of elastic scattering, for which: (a) The Wiedemann-Franz law is restricted to each branch with its specific temperature; (b) thermoelectric power vanishes due to electron-hole symmetry. The model depicts different regimes such as ballistic and diffusive and shows excellent agreement with diffusive carrier transport in 1D conductors. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 8:12AM - 8:24AM |
H36.00002: Observation of Joule heating in multi-walled carbon nanotubes by electron thermal Microscopy Kamal Baloch, Todd Brintlinger, Norvik Voskanian, John Cumings We report Joule heating in multi-walled carbon nanotubes under voltage bias by using an electron thermal imaging technique [1]. Briefly, the temperature profile is obtained by observing the solid to liquid phase transitions of indium islands sub-100nm in diameter, thermally deposited on the back side of an electron transparent dielectric membrane. The high spatial-resolution maps thus obtained demonstrate that in the high-voltage-bias regime the thermal dissipation occurs not at the electrode contacts but along the entire length of the nanotube as predicted in [2]. The low temperatures involved ($<$200~C) extend previous results [3] into a new temperature regime. The implications of these results when combined with other observations in the literature will be discussed. \\[4pt] [1] Brintlinger et al, Nano Lett., \textbf{8}, 582 (2008)\\[0pt] [2] Yao et al, Phys. Rev. Lett., \textbf{84}, 2941 (2000)\\[0pt] [3] Begtrup et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{99}, 155901 (2007) [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 8:24AM - 8:36AM |
H36.00003: Theory of phonon thermal conductivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes L. Lindsay, D. A. Broido, N. Mingo We have developed a Boltzmann transport approach to calculate the intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Harmonic and anharmonic interatomic force constants are obtained from Brenner [1] and Tersoff [2] empirical potentials, while the full phonon Boltzmann equation is solved using an iterative scheme [3]. We employ symmetry based selection rules for anharmonic phonon-phonon scattering, and we include higher order anharmonicity in our examination of the phonon-phonon scattering for the acoustic modes. We compare our results to those obtained from other recent theoretical calculations [3, 4]. [1] D. Brenner et al., J. Phys. Condens. Matter 14, 783 (2002). [2] J. Tersoff, Phys. Rev. B 39, 5566 (1989). [3] N. Mingo and D. A. Broido, Nano Letters 5, 1221 (2005). [4] D. Donadio and G. Galli, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 25502 (2007). [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 8:36AM - 8:48AM |
H36.00004: Thermal Transport Through Carbon Nanotube Junctions and Carbon Nanotube Nanopapers Charles A. Barr, Alper Buldum Carbon nanotubes have demonstrated exceptional thermal transport properties that show promise in a wide range of applications. Nanotube nanocomposites and nanopapers have great potential as electronic thermal management materials. Here we present our theoretical investigations on thermal properties of nanotube junctions and nanopapers. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations are performed on non-bonded and bonded (fused) nanotube junctions and extended two dimensional structures (papers) containing these junctions. The investigation includes the effects of chirality, the off set in atomic register and the angle between the axes of the nanotubes on the thermal conductivity. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 8:48AM - 9:00AM |
H36.00005: Imaging single carbon nanotubes with thermal radiation Yuwei Fan, Scott Singer, Raymond Bergstrom, B.C. Regan We have constructed tiny light bulbs, visible to the naked eye, using individual carbon nanotubes as filaments. A nanotube is suspended over a hole in a solid silicon substrate, and is heated to incandescence with electrical current. Diffraction-limited optical microscopy identifies the nanotube position and orientation, and allows direct comparison with high-resolution transmission electron micrographs of the same nanotube. Our current progress toward quantitative pyrometry will be described. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 9:00AM - 9:12AM |
H36.00006: Thermal conductance and bolometric response of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes Daniel Santavicca, Joel Chudow, Anthony Annunziata, Luigi Frunzio, Daniel Prober, Meninder Purewal, Philip Kim We describe low temperature electrothermal characterizations of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes on insulating substrates. The increase in differential resistance with increasing dc bias current is attributed to Joule heating. This is confirmed by Johnson noise thermometry, and thus the resistance can be used as a direct probe of the average electron temperature. These measurements enable us to determine the nanotube thermal conductance. We also measure the rf heterodyne response and find that the data agree well with a linear response bolometric model using our experimental value for the thermal conductance. This is the first demonstration of bolometric detection in an individual nanotube. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 9:12AM - 9:24AM |
H36.00007: Investigation of Optical Absorption and Thermal Transport in Suspended Carbon Nanotube Bundles I-Kai Hsu, Adam Bushmaker, Mehmet Akyol, Stephen Cronin, Michael Pettes, Li Shi The optical absorption in suspended carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles is measured using Raman spectroscopy and two platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs), located at both ends of the suspended CNTs. The power absorbed from an incident focused laser is determined from the thermal power flowing through both ends of the CNT, detected by resistance changes in the PRTs. The results show 0.03 to 0.44{\%} absorption of a focused 532nm laser with a 0.4$\mu $m diameter spot size incident on CNT bundles with diameters and lengths varying from 7.1-8.2nm and 11.7-14.3$\mu $m, respectively. The thermal conductance of the suspended CNT bundles can also be obtained by measuring the temperature difference between the incident laser spot and both ends of the suspended CNT. Here, temperatures in the center of the nanotube are extracted from the temperature-induced downshifts of the $G$ band Raman mode. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 9:24AM - 9:36AM |
H36.00008: Terahertz Bolometric Detection in an Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Joel Chudow, Daniel Santavicca, Anthony Annunziata, Luigi Frunzio, Daniel Prober, Charles Schmuttenmaer, Philip Kim We describe measurements of terahertz detection in individual single-walled carbon nanotubes. The terahertz power dissipated in the antenna-coupled nanotube is determined from the induced temperature change via the nanotube's temperature-dependent resistance. This is the first demonstration of terahertz bolometric detection in an individual nanotube. This experimental technique is being developed to study high-frequency charge excitations in the nanotube, which are predicted to display Luttinger-liquid behavior due to the lack of screening in one dimension. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 9:36AM - 9:48AM |
H36.00009: Quantum-dot thermometry applied to the study of electron-phonon interaction in nanowires Eric Hoffmann, Jason Matthews, Henrik Nilsson, Lars Samuelson, Heiner Linke The thermal properties of mesoscopic devices are greatly influenced by quantum and finite-size effects. For example, the influence of electron-phonon coupling on heat flow through nanowires is different than in bulk materials and has not been studied in detail. One challenging aspect of performing thermal experiments with a mesoscopic device is the application and quantification of a temperature difference across a sub-micron distance. The recently introduced quantum-dot thermometry[1,2] uses a quantum dot to measure the electronic temperature difference across the dot's dimension. We present here experimental results demonstrating quantum-dot thermometry using a quantum dot embedded in an InAs nanowire. In addition, we show result which suggest that quantum-dot thermometry can be used to measure the strength of electron-phonon interaction in a one-dimensional nanowire. 1. Hoffmann, E.A. \textit{et al.}, \textit{Quantum-dot thermometry}, Appl. Phys. Lett. \textbf{91}(25), 252114 (2007). 2. Hoffmann, E.A. \textit{et al.}, \textit{Measuring temperature gradients over nanometer length scales}, Submitted to Nano Letters (2008). [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 9:48AM - 10:00AM |
H36.00010: Numerical study of heat flow and electron-phonon coupling in nanowires Jason Matthews, Eric Hoffmann, Henrik Nilsson, Lars Samuelson, Heiner Linke The strength of electron-phonon (e-ph) interaction in one-dimensional systems is an important mechanism that controls heat flow generated by Joule heating, e.g. in nanowires. Here we use finite element modeling to study the effects of e-ph interactions on the electron temperature profile within a heterostructure nanowire. In recent experiments, we have measured the electron temperatures in the vicinity of a double-barrier quantum dot embedded in a nanowire. We find a significant electron temperature rise in the non-heated (drain) end of the nanowire near the dot. Such a temperature rise is unexpected due to electrons seeing the dot as both electrically and thermally insulating. It is suspected that this temperature rise is due to heat bypassing the quantum dot via phonons, which in turn heat electrons in the nanowire drain by means of e-ph interaction. Our modeling results are in agreement with measured electronic temperatures, suggesting that these measurements could be used to determine the strength of e-ph interaction. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 10:00AM - 10:12AM |
H36.00011: Nonlinear Optical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes from First Principles Jack Deslippe, David Prendergast, Steven Louie The optical excitation spectra of both semiconducting and metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as well as other 1D materials are dominated by exciton states of large binding energy and well defined symmetry in the group of the k-vector along the periodic direction. The optical oscillator strength is transferred almost entirely from the continuum into the excitons and the corresponding exciton-phonon states. Recent experiments have probed the spectral structure of the excited states of various symmetry in SWNTs using nonlinear optics techniques such as ultrafast spectroscopy, multi-photon spectroscopy, and phonon-assisted spectroscopy. We have developed and applied a new method based on the first-principles GW-Bethe Salpeter approach to the study of the nonlinear optical properties of the SWNTs. Supported by NSF Grant No. DMR07-05941, US DOE Contract No. DE- AC02-05CH11231 and DOE CSGF grant DE-FG02-97ER25308 and computational resources from Teragrid and NERSC. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 10:12AM - 10:24AM |
H36.00012: The BO Approximation Breakdown - Raman Spectroscopy of Suspended Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes under Gate Voltages. Adam W. Bushmaker, Vikram V. Deshpande, Scott Hsieh, Marc W. Bockrath, Stephen B. Cronin Since the creation of the field effect transistor, gate voltage response has been central to solid state devices. Typically, changing the Fermi energy in a metal with a gate voltage does not substantially change any of its properties. We present Raman spectra of pristine, suspended, metallic single walled carbon nanotubes observed under gate voltages, in which the LO mode of the G band downshifts, and then upshifts, giving the predicted ``W'' shaped gate voltage response. The data give interesting insight into the electron-phonon coupling through the Kohn anomalies in carbon nanotubes, and for the first time, confirm the predicted Born-Oppenheimer approximation breakdown in metallic nanotubes. We also report on Raman intensity variations in metallic nanotubes in response to gate voltages. Understanding these effects in pristine systems is crucial for the future development of low-dimensional devices based on metallic nanotubes. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 10:24AM - 10:36AM |
H36.00013: Raman Scattering Study of Carbon Nanotube Serpentines Bei Wang, Awnish Gupta, Peter Eklund, Jun Huang, Wonbong Choi Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were grown on step-edge single crystal quartz using CVD. SEM images were taken using FESEM showing serpentines and loops. Raman spectra were taken on SWNTs using excitation lines 514nm and 647nm with laser spot diameter $\sim $0.8$\mu $m. By tracing the Raman spectrum along a SWNT, we were able to record the change of Raman features with respect to the bending radius R of tube in the plane of the substrate. We found that there is linear upshift of the G-band and R-band with the curvature (1/R) of the bend. We attribute the shift of these frequencies to strain related change of carbon-carbon bond length. In semiconducting SWNTs changes were also observed in the intensities of these bands which we identify with a curvature induced change in the band-gap. This interpretation is also consistent with the results of electronic measurements. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 10:36AM - 10:48AM |
H36.00014: Raman Spectroscopy of isolated double wall carbon nanotubes with different metallic and semiconducting configurations. Federico Villalpando, Daniel Nezich, Yoong Ahm Kim, Daisuke Shimamoto, Hiroyuki Muramatsu , Takuya Hayashi , Jing Kong, Endo Moribu, Mauricio Terrones, Mildred Dresselhaus We have developed an experimental technique to obtain the Raman spectra from individual double wall carbon nanotubes (DWNT). A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) derived sample of DWNTs is dispersed into solution and placed on a Si substrate. The Si substrate contains lithographic markers that allow us to record the exact location of individual and isolated DWNTs and obtain their Raman spectra with various laser energies. The laser energy can be in resonance with the inner and/or the outer layers of the same DWNT. We report on the differences between individual DWNTs with different metallic and semiconducting configurations and compare our results to previous experiments performed on DWNT bundles. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 17, 2009 10:48AM - 11:00AM |
H36.00015: Softening of the Radial Breathing Mode in Metallic Carbon Nanotubes Hootan Farhat, Ken-ichi Sasaki, Martin Kalbac, Mario Hofmann, Riichiro Saito, Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Jing Kong In this work, the Fermi level $(\epsilon_{\rm F})$ dependence of the radial breathing mode (RBM) of metallic single walled carbon nanotubes (M-SWNTs) has been investigated. In situ Raman spectra were obtained from several individual M-SWNTs while varying $\epsilon_{\rm F}$ electrochemically. The RBM frequency of an intrinsic M-SWNT is shown to be downshifted relative to highly doped tubes by $\sim2{\rm cm}^{-1}$. The downshift is greatest for small diameter and small chiral angle nanotubes. Most tubes do not show any change in RBM linewidth. A comparison is drawn between the RBM and the G-band ($A_{\rm LO}$ phonon) with respect to the $\epsilon_{\rm F}$ dependence of their frequencies and linewidths. [Preview Abstract] |
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