Solar Charge-Electric Fields and Jets in Quantitative Agreement with Ulysses and PSP Satellites*

A new “charge-electric” model of energization of the Solar Wind and Corona is described, including electro-magnetic particle effects precluded in the no-charge-fluid approximation.  The parameter-free model gives quantitative agreement with the maximum proton energies measured by Ulysses (McComas 2000); and with the electric potential versus radius obtained from PSP electron VDF data (Berčič 2021, Halekas 2022).  The model builds on standard solar models for particle density and temperature, by adding two plasma effects.  First, static force-balance equilibrium of protons and electrons requires a static electric field 1/2 as strong as gravity on each proton (Pannekoek 1924).  Second, the steady flow of fusion energy drags additional electrons out from the plasma recombination sheath, here limited by a global "virial" relation between gravity and electric potentials.  This uniquely determines the total charge state of +460.C, with a surface potential of +6.keV compared to a gravity well of 2.keV for protons, explaining the energetics of Ulysses and PSP.  Dynamically, the protons accelerate as pinched "Lightning Jets" through the neutral Atmosphere, appearing as the ubiquitous Spicules, and "heating" the (non-LTE) Corona, each with 10⁹ Amps of +/- current generating fluctuating magnetic fields.  The DC radial electric field can also "neutrally levitate" a 1/3-ionized gas cloud, glowing as a Prominence or Arc due to internal lateral currents driven by surface potential variations.