Bulletin of the American Physical Society
64th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics
Volume 67, Number 15
Monday–Friday, October 17–21, 2022; Spokane, Washington
Session YO05: ICF: Equations of StateLive Streamed
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Chair: Marius Millot, LLNL; Arijit Bose, University of Delaware Room: Ballroom 111 B |
Friday, October 21, 2022 9:30AM - 9:42AM |
YO05.00001: Measurement of Cu temperature, density, and phase using Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure at the National Ignition Facility Hong W Sio, Yuan Ping, Andrew Krygier, Dave Braun, Robert E Rudd, Stanimir Bonev, Gregory E Kemp, Marius Millot, Dayne E Fratanduono, Federica Coppari, Nobuhiko Izumi, Bernard Kozioziemski, Hye-Sook Park, Marilyn B Schneider, James M McNaney, David K Bradley, Andrew Mackinnon, Warren W Hsing, Jon H Eggert, Lan Gao, Kenneth W Hill, Phillip Efthimion The temperature of dynamically compressed materials is the largest uncertainty in modern equation of state modeling, and developing new tools to measure temperature is important to complement data from existing diffraction and equation-of-state platforms. In experiments performed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) has been measured and used to constrain temperature, density, and phase near 400 GPa. These fine-structure modulations in the X-ray absorption are caused by photoelectron scattering off nearby atoms, and are sensitive to both local atomic spacing and thermal disorder. Measured EXAFS signals are consistent with face-center-cubic structure in Cu up to 5,500K near 400 GPa, and also reveal an unexpected temperature sensitivity to the material layers adjacent to the Cu sample. |
Friday, October 21, 2022 9:42AM - 9:54AM |
YO05.00002: EXAFS for probing thermal states of compressed materials at NIF Yuan Ping, Hong W Sio, Andrew Krygier, Dave Braun, Robert E Rudd, Stanimir Bonev, Amy L Coleman, Federica Coppari, David K Bradley, Jon H Eggert, Dayne E Fratanduono, Warren W Hsing, Gregory E Kemp, Bernard Kozioziemski, Tom Lockard, Andy J Mackinnon, James M McNaney, Marius Millot, Neil Ose, Hye-Sook Park, Marilyn B Schneider, Stanislav Stoupin, Manfred L Bitter, Philip C Efthimion, Lan Gao, Kenneth W Hill, Brooklyn Frances Kraus, Novimir A Pablant
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Friday, October 21, 2022 9:54AM - 10:06AM |
YO05.00003: Band structure effects in x-ray scattering spectra of isochorically heated materials Alina Kononov, Thomas Hentschel, Stephanie B Hansen, Andrew D Baczewski X-ray Thomson scattering is a rich diagnostic commonly used to infer conditions of high energy density (HED) states. For example, applying the principle of detailed balance to ~10 eV plasmon shifts can be used to determine the electronic temperature. Meanwhile, angular dependence of the elastic scattering peak or detailed balance of ~100 meV Stokes and anti-Stokes lines constrains the ionic temperature. Using these techniques to measure both electronic and ionic temperatures of a nonequilibrium HED sample is challenging because of these states' short lifetimes and limited detector energy range and resolution. As a potential alternative, we predict subtle band structure effects at energy shifts of ~100 eV in the bound-free portion of the inelastic scattering spectrum of solid-density aluminum isochorically heated to 1 eV. Our real-time time-dependent density functional theory calculations show that these features vanish in melted aluminum and occur in a spectral range closer to the plasmon feature, perhaps enabling more efficient inference of both electronic and ionic temperature. These findings may advance studies of ultrafast melting or electron-ion coupling in materials out of thermodynamic equilibrium. |
Friday, October 21, 2022 10:06AM - 10:18AM |
YO05.00004: X-ray diffraction of shocked platinum Mary Kate Ginnane, Amy E Lazicki, Danae Polsin, Xuchen Gong, Richard G Kraus, Chad A McCoy, Michelle C Marshall, Christopher T Seagle, Jean-Paul Davis, Seth Root, Brian Henderson, Linda E Hansen, Zaire Sprowal, Alexa LaPierre, Margaret F Huff, Jon H Eggert, Dayne E Fratanduono, Thomas R Boehly, J. Ryan Rygg, Gilbert W Collins Platinum is often used as a pressure calibrant in diamond-anvil cell experiments, where it is routinely compressed to high pressure–temperature states. Previous experiments have observed the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase of platinum up to 383 GPa.[1] Laser-driven experiments at the University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics used the powder x-ray diffraction platform[2] on OMEGA EP to extend these measurements for shock and shock-ramped platinum up to 500 GPa. The fcc phase remained stable upon compression until liquid diffraction was observed. This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number DE-NA0003856. [1] S. M. Sharma et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 235701 (2020).
[2] J. R. Rygg et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 113904 (2012).
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Friday, October 21, 2022 10:18AM - 10:30AM |
YO05.00005: Extending Optical Pyrometric Temperature Measurements to < 5000K Xuchen Gong, Michelle C Marshall, Mary Kate Ginnane, Robert Boni, Ryan Rygg, Gilbert W Collins Measuring the temperature of dynamically compressed materials, especially quasi-isentropically compressed matter, is a grand challenge in high-energy-density physics. A streaked optical pyrometer, which simultaneously records the space- and time-resolved spectral radiance, is often used to determine the sample temperatures.[1] Typically, strong shock waves in initially transparent materials (i.e., quartz) at pressures of 100 GPa to several TPa are hot enough to emit enough photons to accurately measure the spectral radiance and infer the temperature. If the compressed sample is at a temperature below ~5000 K (Ref. [2]), however, low photon statistics combined with the amplification noise at the photocathode and the readout noise of the charge-coupled–device camera,[3] [JO1] make it difficult to determine the spectral radiance or temperature with traditional techniques. Here we describe a new statistical method that dramatically improves (reduces) this low-temperature limit for spectral radiance and temperature determination. Such data complement and help benchmark other techniques being developed to determine temperature of ramp-compressed materials such as extended x-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) measurements.[4] [1] M. C. Gregor et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 114903 (2016).
[2] G. W. Collins et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 165504 (2001).
[3] S. Ghosh, R. Boni, and P. A. Jaanimagi, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 3956 (2004).
[4] Y. Ping et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 065501 (2013).
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Friday, October 21, 2022 10:30AM - 10:42AM |
YO05.00006: A Spectrally and Temporally Resolved Optical Pyrometer for Measurements of Optical Self-Emission and Reflectometry on OMEGA EP Neel Kabadi, Brian Henderson, Michelle C Marshall, Mary Kate Ginnane, Steven T Ivancic, Andrew Sorce, Joseph D Katz, Robert Boni, J. Ryan Rygg, Gilbert W Collins Many experiments are conducted on the OMEGA EP laser to investigate materials at high pressure. For these experiments, measurements of the material conditions are critical. It is particularly important to characterize the temperature. Temperature measurements are regularly made using an absolutely calibrated streaked optical pyrometer (SOP) under the assumption that the material has a uniform emissivity in the spectral band measured. A new SOP with spectral resolution (SOP-spec) is being implemented for measurements of spectrally resolved self-emission and reflectometry in the 400- to 900-nm-wavelength range. Self-emission and reflectometry measurements have been made with a prototype system. A dedicated diagnostic is in the process of being implemented and will be available for use on experiments in 2023. In this talk, diagnostic capabilities and planned first experiments will be discussed. |
Friday, October 21, 2022 10:42AM - 10:54AM |
YO05.00007: Hydrogen Double-Shock Equation-of-State and Transport Data Zaire Sprowal, Ryan Rygg, Danae Polsin, Gilbert W Collins, Margaret F Huff, Peter M Celliers, Damien G Hicks, Linda E Hansen We present findings of double-shock experiments in H2 and D2 where high-density, second-shock states were directly observed behind weak, transparent first shocks. A resulting shock merger is also observed. We deduce mechanical, thermal, and transport properties of the double-shocked D2 to pressures of 8 Mbar. These high-density states probe the transition of D2 from liquid metallic metal to classical plasma. Preliminary H2 data are also discussed. From these data we explore the off-Hugoniot behavior of D2 and H2 and conclude with a comparison of our findings to recent reshock experiments and models. |
Friday, October 21, 2022 10:54AM - 11:06AM |
YO05.00008: Developing a Shock-Ramp Laser Drive to Extend the Pressure Ranges of the NIF Gbar Platform Single-Shot Hugoniot Measurements Michael Springstead, Damian C Swift, Tilo Doeppner, Carolyn C Kuranz, Amy E Lazicki, Michael J MacDonald Recent Gbar experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) utilize spherically converging shock waves to reach high pressures (>300 Mbar) inside hydrocarbon capsules. Equation of State (EOS) measurements are made as the propagating shock wave drives the hydrocarbon sample along its principal Hugoniot. Further improvements to the Gbar experimental platform are proposed by utilizing a new shock-ramp drive, where the sample is initially shocked then driven with a strong ramp increasing the shock pressure faster than a spherically converging single shock. The goal of the shock-ramp drive is to reach higher pressures within the material sample and increase the ranges of pressures provided in a single experiment. The impacts of the shock-ramp drive would extend the range in which the EOS models can be validated and reduce the number of shots needed to collect Hugoniot data. The shock-ramp drive was designed by modeling the hydrocarbon capsules in the ALE radiation-hydrodynamic code HYDRA. Capsule parameters accounting for the geometry, materials, and laser drive were included in the HYDRA modeling. We present the parameter scan results to illustrate the possible pressure ranges achievable with the shock-ramp drive on the NIF Gbar platform. These findings will be used in upcoming experiments to improve Hugoniot measurements of CH at extreme pressures. |
Friday, October 21, 2022 11:06AM - 11:18AM |
YO05.00009: Shock-Compressed Methane to 400 GPa Grigoriy Tabak, Thomas R Boehly, Gerrit Bruhaug, Gilbert W Collins, Linda E Hansen, Brian Henderson, Margaret F Huff, Hadley Pantell, Ryan Rygg, Mohamed Zaghoo, Nathan M Dasenbrock-Gammon, Ranga P Dias, Marius Millot, Suzanne J Ali, Peter M Celliers, Jon H Eggert, Dayne E Fratanduono, Sebastien Hamel, Amy E Lazicki, Damian C Swift, Stephanie Brygoo, Paul Loubeyre, Ryosuke Kodama, Kohei Miyanishi, Tetsuo Ogawa, Norimasa Ozaki, Takayoshi Sano, Raymond Jeanloz, Damien G Hicks Methane plays an important role in planetary physics and is a major constituent of giant planet atmospheres. Methane is predicted to have an intricate phase diagram at high pressures, including the conditions inside planet interiors.[1][2][3] We present shock-compression data to 400 GPa for methane. The methane samples were precompressed in a diamond-anvil cell to a range of densities in order to access a broad range of extreme conditions. This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number DE-NA0003856. [1] M. Ross, Nature 292, 435 (1981).
[2] M. Ross and F. Rogers, Phys. Rev. B 74, 024103 (2006).
[3] G. Gao et al., J. Chem. Phys. 133, 144508 (2010).
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Friday, October 21, 2022 11:18AM - 11:30AM |
YO05.00010: Stagnating Plasma Piston: A New Method to Measure Thermal Conductivity at Planetary Core Conditions Tyler M Perez, June K Wicks, Raymond F Smith, Patrick LaChapelle, Jon H Eggert, Dayne E Fratanduono, Yuan Ping, Connor Krill The thermal conductivity of iron at core pressure-temperature conditions (135-360 GPa, 2500-5000 K) is a key parameter for quantifying heat transport within the Earth’s interior. An accurate measurement of this value has direct relevance for our understanding of multiple planetary processes, such as differentiation and generation of a magnetic field. However, both theoretical and experimental studies on the thermal conductivity of iron at core conditions are limited and not in agreement. |
Friday, October 21, 2022 11:30AM - 11:42AM |
YO05.00011: First-Principles Equation of State of CHON for Two-Photon-Polymerization-Fabricated Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets Shuai Zhang, Valentin V Karasiev, Nathaniel R Shaffer, Suxing Hu, Deyan Mihaylov, Katarina Nichols, Reetam Paul, Rati Goshadze, Maitrayee Ghosh, Joshua Hinz, Reuben Epstein, Stefan A C Goedecker A wide-range (0 to 103 g/cm3 and 0 to 109 K) equation-of-state (EOS) table for a C‑H‑O‑N quaternary compound has been constructed based on first-principles calculations using a combination of Kohn–Sham molecular dynamics, orbital-free molecular dynamics, and numerical extrapolation. The EOS data are compared with predictions of simple models, including ideal gas models in the fully ionized or strongly degenerate limit, to chart their temperature–density conditions of applicability. The shock Hugoniot is predicted based on the EOS table and compared to those of C-H compounds, which shows that the maximum compression ratio of CHON resin is larger than that of CH polystyrene because of the existence of oxygen and nitrogen. Radiation-hydrodynamic simulations have been performed using the table for inertial confinement fusion targets with a CHON shell and compared with a similar design with CH. The simulations show CHON outperforms CH as ablator for laser-direct-drive target designs, which supports the use of the two-photon-polymerization–fabricated CHON foam for laser-imprint mitigation. |
Friday, October 21, 2022 11:42AM - 11:54AM |
YO05.00012: Observable reduction of the density compression due to shock-generated turbulence in empty foams Yefim Aglitskiy, Alexander L Velikovich, Max Karasik, Andrew J Schmitt, James L Weaver, Jaechul Oh, Calvin Zulick, Stephen P Obenschain The post-shock flow is turbulent when a strong shock wave propagates through a material with a small-scale random non-uniformity, such as a foam or an aerogel. If the turbulence dissipates slowly enough, its generation affects the shock Hugoniot, reducing the large-scale density compression. Hazak et al., PoP 5, 4357 (1998) first detected this undercompression effect in 2D simulations of shock propagation through a deuterium-wetted foam, later confirmed by many numerical and theoretical works. Absolute Hugoniot measurements for CH foams of 100 mg/cc density made by Aglitskiy et al., PoP 25, 032705 (2018) on the Nike KrF laser showed a significantly lower density compression than predicted by SESAME and other tabulated EOS in the shock pressure range 2 to 5 Mbar. This discrepancy may manifest the undercompression caused by the shock-generated turbulence predicted by theory and simulations. We report the design, theoretical predictions, and the first data from a new experimental campaign on Nike aimed at using high-precision Hugoniot measurements for a detailed investigation of the effect of shock-induced turbulence on shock compression in the most promising parameter range: empty DVB foam targets with densities 70 and 100 mg/cm, shock pressures between 1 and 5 Mbar. |
Friday, October 21, 2022 11:54AM - 12:06PM |
YO05.00013: Measuring the principle Hugoniot of ICF-relevant TMPTA foam Robert W Paddock, Matthew Oliver, Daniel E Eakins, David J Chapman, John Pasley, Mattia Cipriani, Fabrizio Consoli, Bruno Albertazzi, Michel Koenig, Artem S Martynenko, Leonard Wegert, Paul Neumayer, Przemyslaw Tchorz, Piotr Raczka, Paul Mabey, Robbie H Scott, Warren J Garbett, Ramy Aboushelbaya, Marko W Von der Leyen, Peter A Norreys Wetted-foam layers are of significant interest for ICF capsules, due to the unprecedented control they provide over the convergence ratio of the implosion, and the opportunity this affords to minimize hydrodynamic instability growth. However, the equation of state (EOS) for fusion relevant foams is not well characterized, and many simulations therefore rely on modelling such foams as a homogeneous medium of the foam average density. The accuracy of this hypothesis is not known with great confidence. To address this question, an experiment was performed in January 2022 using the VULCAN Laser at the Central Laser Facility. The aim was to measure the EOS of TMPTA foams at 260 mg/cc, corresponding to the density of DT-wetted-foam layers relevant to ICF research. Such a foam would be also be directly relevant for recently proposed ‘hydrodynamic equivalent’ capsules. VISAR was used to measure the shock velocity of both the foam and a quartz reference layer, while streaked optical pyrometry was used to measure the temperature of the shocked material. Preliminary results suggest that, for the 20 – 120 GPa pressure range accessed, this material can indeed be well described using the equation of state of the homogeneous medium at the foam density. |
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