Neural Dynamical Systems: Balancing Structure and Flexibility in Physical Prediction*

Modelling the dynamics of plasma is difficult and important for many applications including controlled fusion. We introduce Neural Dynamical Systems (NDS), a method of learning dynamical models in various gray-box settings which incorporates prior knowledge in the form of systems of ordinary differential equations. NDS uses neural networks to estimate free parameters of the system, predicts residual terms, and numerically integrates over time to predict future states. A key insight is that many real dynamical systems of interest, including plasmas, are hard to model as the dynamics may vary across rollouts.  We mitigate this problem by taking a trajectory of prior states as the input to NDS and train it to dynamically estimate system parameters using the preceding trajectory.

 

We find that NDS learns dynamics with higher accuracy and fewer samples than a variety of deep learning methods that do not incorporate the prior knowledge and methods from the system identification literature which do. We demonstrate these advantages first on synthetic dynamical systems and then on real data captured from deuterium shots from a nuclear fusion reactor. Finally, we demonstrate that these benefits can be utilized for control in small-scale experiments that we hope to scale to the fusion case.