Euler-Lagrange simulations of dust resuspension by impinging laminar and turbulent jets*

We conduct 3D Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations to explore the mechanisms of inertial particle resuspension and dust cloud formation caused by impinging downward laminar and turbulent jets on cohesion-less particle bed. The particle-to-fluid density ratio is  to simulate a dust-air scenario, and the Galileo numbers is 3.2. We vary the Reynolds number from 3,500 (laminar) to 10,000 (turbulent) by varying the jet velocity. To capture the effects of flow intrusion within the bed with accuracy, we consider a thick particle bed tall by about 30 particle diameters. The impinging jet induces particle resuspension, creating a crater. These dynamics accelerate with increasing Reynolds number. We analyze the clustering patterns of the resuspended dust cloud, the formation mechanism of the crater, and their interaction with primary downward vortices and secondary upwash vortices. Our findings show a linear growth of the crater depth and radius, which we characterize as a function of time.