Bulletin of the American Physical Society
77th Annual Meeting of the Division of Fluid Dynamics
Sunday–Tuesday, November 24–26, 2024; Salt Lake City, Utah
Session C07: Interact: Multiphase Flows |
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Chair: Gretar Tryggvason, Johns Hopkins University Room: Ballroom G |
Sunday, November 24, 2024 10:50AM - 11:20AM |
C07.00001: INTERACT FLASH TALKS: Multiphase Flows Each Interact Flash Talk will last around 1 minute, followed by around 30 seconds of transition time. |
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C07.00002: Interface retaining coarsening of multiphase flows Gretar Tryggvason, jiacai Lu, Xianyang Chen The presence of a sharp phase boundary is often the most important feature of multiphase flows and as the flow field is coarsened, or filtered, to generate data for modeling the large-scale flow, retaining the interface can be critical. Here we discuss formal ways to coarsen both the indicator function describing the phase distribution as well as the momentum, using diffusion. While coarsening the phase distribution is relatively straightforward, the momentum can be treated in different ways. We can assume mixed zones on either side of the interface, or we can move momentum with the interface. For disperse flows the latter results in the classic point particle approximation. Diffusing the flow while retaining the interface generally results in a slip at the interface as well as at walls, and except in the simplest cases, retaining the interface requires extending current models for the large-scale flow. We have been exploring how to do that using trajectory modeling (or regression) where we augment the governing equations so that the coarse flow evolves correctly, rather than match the structure of the closure terms. Trajectory modeling only requires data describing the coarse flow and thus should be able to incorporate data from a range of sources, including experiments. |
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C07.00003: Three-dimensional measurements of bubbles and droplets interface dynamics in homogeneous isotropic turbulence Leonel Edward Beckedorff, Giuseppe Caridi, Alfredo Soldati In this work, we discuss the deformation and breakup mechanisms of bubbles and oil droplets dispersed in homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT). The turbulence is created in an octagonal horizontal water tank by two opposing jet arrays, which produce a Taylor-microscale Reynolds number up to 1000 and correspondingly high energy dissipation rates of O(1) m2s-3. We resolve the interplay between phases by coupling statistics from 3D-Particle Tracking Velocimetry with the full 3D reconstruction of the droplet/bubble topology; our imaging system is equipped with six high-speed cameras and backlight illumination. In this case study, we compare the interface dynamics of air bubbles and oil droplets with different viscosity ratios. Inner viscosity effects are illustrated by significant stretching of the fluid particles, forming thin filaments before the breakup. Experimental data is provided on the correlation between external turbulence forcing and interface morphology. Furthermore, we discuss the timescales and instabilities involved in the breakup process, aiming to generate a homogeneous data source on this problem of fundamental importance across various environmental and industrial applications. |
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C07.00004: Fully resolved simulations of forced convective boiling using the Lattice-Boltzmann method Xander Milan de Wit, Linlin Fei, Alessandro Gabbana, Ziqi Wang, Ivan Girotto, Daniel Livescu, Federico Toschi Boiling is ubiquitous, from cooking food to industrial processes. Boiling is also an efficient way to enhance heat transfer and, therefore, it is used in a wide range of applications, from cooling electronic devices to refrigeration systems, to heat exchangers in industrial processes. In most applications involving boiling heat exchangers the flow is forced, considerably complicating the phenomenology. In this work we aim at advancing the current level of understanding of the fundamental physics processes involved in forced boiling convection with a relevant impact on the efficiency and energy consumption of a vast number of industrial processes. Using a massive GPU-accelerated Lattice-Boltzmann method, we fully resolve the vast multiscale nature of boiling that requires not only to accurately resolve the wide range of turbulent length scales, but also the interface and structure on individual vapors bubbles from when they nucleate to when they reach their maximal size. This allows us to study the boiling curve of forced convection at unprecedentedly high resolutions, unveiling the rich physics of the turbulent convective boiling system. We study various Eulerian flow properties of boiling with and without additional external forcing, as well as the Lagrangian properties of the vapor bubbles that nucleate in the boiling flow. |
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C07.00005: A Regularized Interface Method to examine the shock interaction with cylindrical water column Benyamin Krisna, Nguyen Ly, Matthias Ihme The interaction of a planar shock wave with a liquid water column induces aerodynamic breakup, transversal jets, and liquid evaporation. These phenomena are affected by hydro-thermodynamic processes due to the shock passage through the liquid water column. To examine these processes, a recently developed Regularized Interface Method (RIM) is employed. This allows resolving the complex interfacial dynamics of evaporation and surface tension. In addition, an equation of state (EOS) that accurately models the fluid phase behavior and the interface derivative properties is considered. Within this framework, RIM is employed to examine a set of different Mach numbers and cavity sizes. The morphology of the interfacial structures and the induced flow features are then discussed and compared with previous experimental and numerical studies. |
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C07.00006: Holes-driven rupture: unveiling the dynamics of liquid sheet atomization Ayush K Dixit, Chunheng Zhao, Stephane L Zaleski, Detlef Lohse, Vatsal Sanjay The atomization of liquid sheets by airflow is a fundamental process with significant implications for airborne disease transmission and agricultural pesticide application. As airflow thins these sheets, holes can nucleate in regions of minimal thickness, leading to sheet breakup following the Taylor–Culick-type mechanism. Here, we show that impurities within liquid sheets, such as bubbles or oil droplets, can trigger hole nucleation at thicknesses much greater than molecular scales, challenging previous assumptions about van der Waals forces driving this process. Through direct numerical simulations, we elucidate the mechanisms by which these impurities prompt hole formation during sheet drainage. We characterize the process using the Ohnesorge number Oh (dimensionless viscosity) and the Bond number Bo (dimensionless free-fall acceleration due to inflation of liquid sheets) and examine their influence on the dynamics of impurity-induced hole nucleation. Intuitively, higher Bo results in a prominent sheet breakup. However, counterintuitively, decreasing Oh at fixed Bo stabilizes the sheet. This work provides new insights into the fragmentation of liquid films in various natural and industrial contexts, from respiratory droplet production to spray technologies. |
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C07.00007: Experiments on Droplet Breakup Under Unsteady Accelerations Jacob M Keltz, Vasco O Duke, Manoj Paudel, David Miller, Praveen K Ramaprabhu, Jacob A McFarland At hypersonic velocities, atmospheric droplets pose a significant threat to vehicles in the air, thus restricting the use of hypersonic aircraft. Droplets interacting with hypersonic vehicles can erode the aircraft's exterior leading to performance deterioration. In order to develop high-performance hypersonic vehicles, it is essential to understand how droplets break apart upon interaction with hypersonic bow shocks. While the majority of research efforts to date have focused on droplet breakup under constant acceleration, droplets interacting with a hypersonic vehicle experience a complex system of shock and expansion waves that result in an unsteady acceleration history. The effects of droplet breakup under unsteady acceleration remain poorly understood. To address this gap in understanding, a new shock tube facility has been designed to produce a variable acceleration shock wave. The acceleration history is estimated with 1D gas dynamics and verified experimentally utilizing low-density high-speed PIV. Preliminary experiments are presented which show the deformation and onset of breakup for millimeter-sized droplets. The leading shock wave generates an initial Weber number greater than 1E3, which rapidly decreases by an order of magnitude due to coupled expansion waves. The deformation and acceleration of the droplet is imaged by high-speed shadowgraphy fully resolving the morphology and position of the droplet up to breakup. The deformation rate and acceleration are compared to extant deformation and drag models while surface morphology is compared with predictions from hydrodynamic breakup models. |
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C07.00008: Elucidation and Modeling of the Atomization Process of a Liquid Film Flow Induced by Co-current Gas Flows Ippei Oshima, Akira Sou Air-blast atomizers have been widely used in aircraft engines due to their superior atomization performance. Prediction of fuel spray characteristics is vital for designing and optimizing the atomizer. In previous studies, a number of models on mean droplet diameter have been proposed, which do not based on the atomization process and require tuning parameters using measurement results. |
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C07.00009: On the origin of bubbles in breaking waves: a numerical study Saswata Basak, Umberto Costa Bitencourt, Grant B Deane, M. Dale Stokes, Han Liu, Anqing Xuan, Lian Shen Air entrained by breaking waves in the ocean evolves within the surrounding turbulent flow field, resulting in a bubble-size distribution in the upper ocean by the end of the acoustically active phase of wave breaking. Understanding the origins of bubbles in this spectrum is crucial for studying bubble-mediated heat and mass exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere, as well as the production of sea spray aerosols. In this study, we perform high-fidelity direct numerical simulations of spilling and plunging breakers using our in-house, GPU-based, two-phase flow solver. By employing a novel bubble tracking tool, the Optimal Network algorithm, we detect events of bubble creation, extinction, fragmentation, and coalescence, spanning from the initial entrainment of a cylindrical air cavity to the formation of dense bubble plumes. From the constructed bubble genealogies, we investigate the nature of bubble fragmentation and coalescence and analyze their roles in the spatio-temporal evolution of bubble plumes in breaking waves with varying wave-steepnesses. Furthermore, we assess the importance of air cylinder fragmentation in generating super- and sub-Hinze scale bubbles. |
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C07.00010: Bubble formation mechanism and air entrainment in multi-plunging jets Narendra Dev, J John Soundar Jerome, Hélène Scolan, Jean-Philippe Matas Air entrainment by plunging jets often involves jet broken down into clusters of columns or droplets before impacting a liquid surface, such as in waterfalls and water treatment plants. The resulting bubble clouds differ from those formed by a single jet, as the spacing among liquid structures affects bubble size, maximum penetration depth (H), mixing and turbulence levels. Here, we conducted model experiments using up to 61 closely packed smaller jets to mimic large-scale fragmented jets. An inverted dome-shaped structure is observed just beneath the surface, leading to a single bubble cloud instead of multiple overlapping clouds. Air/liquid fraction (Φ) measurements using an optical probe reveal that the dome is a two-phase structure made up of a 3D array of liquid jets and air tubes. High-speed backlight imaging shows larger bubbles are formed at the dome base while smaller bubbles are created through the pinching and retraction of air fingers around the surface of the dome. Radial profiles of Φ just below the dome show sharp peaks at the locations of the liquid fingers, but at greater depths, Φ profiles become Gaussian with constant maxima, similar to single jet. By accurately predicting the cloud size H using Φ measurements for the buoyancy term in the momentum budget, we demonstrate that bubble clouds produced by multiple jets are dynamically similar to those generated by a single jet, provided the impact momentum is appropriately adjusted for the number of jets. |
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C07.00011: A numerical study on clustering characteristics of rising bubbles Ingu Lee, Haecheon Choi Horizontal clustering is observed in bubbly flows under specific flow conditions. Although previous studies have explored the flow conditions and mechanisms of clustering, the characteristics of bubble clustering are still not fully understood. We conduct numerical simulation of rising air bubbles in stagnant water to investigate their cluster characteristics. Monodispersed rising bubbles with different equivalent bubble diameters (deq = 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mm) are simulated in a periodic domain. The bubbles of deq = 0.5 mm tend to maintain their initial distribution, while larger ones (deq = 1 and 1.5 mm) interact among themselves, leading to clustering. As bubble clusters grow, their rising velocity decreases. The bubble clusters are sheet-like and are aligned nearly parallel to the horizontal direction. Also, bubbles within a short distance (rij < 2deq) tend to align horizontally. The bubble-to-bubble collision during clustering causes a counter-rotating vortex pair between bubbles. These vortices induce a downward velocity, keeping the bubbles horizontally aligned. |
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C07.00012: Structured illumination studies of flow boiling in dielectric fluids Michael Spadaro, Minami Yoda Flow boiling in a 2D microgap is the fundamental flow for heat transfer in ultracompact heat exchangers. The hydrofluoroether HFE7200, which has a boiling point compatible with silicon-based microelectronics, is visualized in a glass minichannel (of cross-section H = 1 mm x 25 mm) with an indium tin oxide (ITO) thin-film heater. Flow boiling in the slug and annular flow regimes is studied at Reynolds numbers Re = 100-500 (mass fluxes G < 500 kg/(m2-s) and heat fluxes q² ≤ 500 W/m2) using structured illumination (SI) imaging, which can reduce refraction and reflection at liquid-vapor interfaces, to better resolve this highly nonisothermal two-phase flow. Thin slices of flow and pool boiling of HFE7200 dyed with fluorous rhodamine (FRh) are obtained with two-pulse structured laser illumination planar imaging (2p-SLIPI) [DOI 10.1364/OL.41.005422], which uses a light sheet with a sinusoidally modulated intensity, at frame rates as great as 9.5 kHz. The images reconstructed from two successive frames show previously inaccessible details, such as liquid-vapor interfaces and the interactions between bubbles—flow features that are difficult to resolve using high-speed imaging with uniform illumination. Structured-illumination visualizations therefore provide more accurate identification of phase boundaries, and hence more accurate estimates of vapor quality. We also exploit the temperature sensitivity of the FRh to estimate time-averaged liquid-phase temperature fields using fluorescence thermometry (FT) in single-phase flows of HFE 7200. |
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C07.00013: Bubble Vortex Interaction within Cross Flow over a Cylinder Eric William Thacher, Andrew Kokubun, Per-Olof Persson, Simo A Makiharju Vortex-induced vibration from cross flow over bluff bodies is an important design consideration in devices from flow meters to nuclear reactors. Under multiphase flow, changes in the shedding frequency and cylinder vibration amplitude have been observed; however, a satisfactory explanation for these effects does not yet exist in literature. In the present work, we combine experimental and numerical studies to span a larger bubble size range than is typical in literature (50-800 microns) across a Reynolds number range (based on the cylinder diameter) of 8500-25000. The motion of monodisperse bubbles is studied experimentally in 3D using tomographic bubble tracking; the flow field at the centerline plane is determined simultaneously with 2D-3C stereo PIV. The experimental results are used to validate a one-way coupled point-particle tracking model, for which the flow field is computed using high-order LES. Using the combined experimental and numerical data, trends in bubble vortex capture probability across the parameter envelope are identified. The time and spatially dependent forces leading to vortex capture are evaluated across normalized bubble trajectories, and estimates are made of the momentum coupling between the liquid and gas phase. |
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C07.00014: Unraveling Cloud Cavitation: The Role of Rayleigh-Taylor Instability Naga Nitish Chamala, Mingming Ge, Olivier COUTIER-DELGOSHA In multiphase flows, cavitation is one of the phenomena that are not completely understood, especially cloud cavitation which involves complex fluid dynamics. In cloud cavitation, a sheet of vapor grows to a critical length from a low-pressure region in the flow and this sheet of vapor detaches as a cloud of bubbles to high-pressure regions while a new sheet of vapor forms. This cloud of bubbles violently collapses in the high-pressure regions, thereby causing destruction to the equipment. It is a periodic phenomenon and the interactions between the vapor and liquid are not completely understood. These interactions need further investigation to gain a deeper understanding of how this unsteady phenomenon evolves in real-world applications. There are numerous studies available in literature about different mechanisms responsible for the shedding of the vapor cavity and yet no clear understanding about when a particular mechanism is more dominant than others. Usually, the cavity grows to a maximum length before the shedding process starts. However, the visualizations obtained using a high-speed camera, for venturi geometry with certain flow conditions, show that there is an instability at the top interface, causing the cavity to shed slightly before it grows to a maximum length. The instability in question is hypothesized to be Rayleigh-Taylor Instability and the hypothesis is corroborated with the help of an analytical model. |
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C07.00015: Ripping Apart Liquids with Acceleration Nathan B Speirs, JESSE L BELDEN, Aren M Hellum, Bradley W McLaughlin, Jefferson B Santos da Silva, Zhao Pan, Matt Allen, Marcus Behling, Micah R Shepherd What happens to a liquid when you pull on it really hard? Our intuition might say that the liquid will rip apart, or cavitate. To answer this question, we experimentally accelerate submerged disks up to 25,000 g and observe cavitation onset with high-speed photography. We find that the required acceleration for cavitation onset decreases as disk diameter increases for small disks. However, above a critical disk diameter the required acceleration for cavitation onset appears to become nearly constant. Using added mass and acoustic arguments, we develop a theoretical model to predict cavitation onset in both small- and large-disk-diameter regimes. Our findings explain how the acceleration-based cavitation number can be used to predict cavitation in common submerged flows. |
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C07.00016: Direct measurement of cavity pressure in high-speed water entry Scott Tuley, JESSE L BELDEN, Aren M Hellum, Nathan B Speirs The study of objects entering the water from air has been studied for over a century and has important applications in defense and animal diving. Above a minimum impact velocity an object impacting the water pulls air under the surface forming an air cavity in its wake. Below about 10 m/s the air pressure inside the cavity is near atmospheric. As the impact velocity increases toward 100 m/s the cavity pressure decreases and water vapor enters the cavity altering the cavity dynamics. We experimentally investigate water entry in the range of 10-100 m/s, making direct cavity pressure measurements inside the water-entry cavity. Using these data alongside high-speed photography, we characterize the relationship between projectile entry velocity and cavity pressure. |
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C07.00017: A robust high order framework for compressible multi-phase multi-component flows with interface regularization, phase change, and spray modeling Henry Collis, Shahab Mirjalili, Makrand A Khanwale, Gianluca Iaccarino, Ali Mani We present a framework for multi-phase multi-component flows with application to the injection stage of a rocket combustor. The high-order numerical framework is designed around positivity-preserving ENO-type schemes with models for capturing phase interfaces, interphase mass transfer, and sprays. Interface regularization based on the conservative diffuse interface (CDI) model is extended to multi-phase multi-component flows. A hybrid Euler-Lagrange spray atomization (ELSA) model is used to predict the unresolved surface area of the atomized spray. The surface area from the ELSA model is used to inform a finite-rate phase change model for evaporation critical to providing realistic ignition. The proposed models and numerical schemes are implemented in the highly-parallel Hypersonic Task- based Research (HTR) sSolver and high-fidelity simulations are performed using GPUs. |
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C07.00018: An Evaluation of Two-way Coupled Euler-Lagrange Methodology through Direct Comparison with Particle-Resolved Simulations Jungyun Kim, Sourabh V Apte, S Balachandar The Two-way Coupled Euler-Lagrange (EL) methodology is an efficient computational tool for investigating multiphase flows, enabling simulations with tens of millions of particles without Reynolds number limitations. This method resolves the fluid motion on scales larger than a filter length scale, which typically exceeds the particle size and the inter-particle spacing. However, EL simulations require closure models to account for unresolved scales. This work compares particle-resolved (PR) and EL simulations to assess the accuracy of EL solutions. We examine how well EL simulations capture the statistical evolution of multiphase flows by comparing them with PR solutions. The focus is on modeling the force on particles and understanding the influence of the filter scale on simulation accuracy. A significant finding is that while EL simulations can predict fluid velocity and particle forces, they capture particle-to-particle force variation less accurately. The study also explores correlations between EL and PR force variations to improve closure models. |
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C07.00019: Validation of Cryogenic Propellant Tank Filling using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Hong Q Yang, Jacob Brodnick Validation of cryogenic propellant tank filling was performed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver Loci/STREAM-VoF. The validation effort helped identify modeling methodologies that enable NASA to best support its partners in both launch pad and on-orbit filling operations. Data from liquid hydrogen ground tests filled via jet injection were used for the validation effort which include a sensitivity to initial tank wall temperature. Initially hot walls are expected to yield rapid evaporation and possibly boiling. A Volume of Fluid (VoF) methodology was used to capture the gas-liquid interface. Rapid breakup of the liquid jet was observed in simulation results as liquid evaporated and expanded. Inflowing liquid transitioned to a contiguous jet as tank temperatures decreased, gas pressure increased, and saturation conditions at the incoming liquid temperature were approached. The final phase of filling was distinguished by rapid gas pressure rise due to a higher rate of gas volume compression than condensation at the liquid surface. Key physics of propellant tank filling were captured in the computational predictions, and opportunities for added simulation robustness and efficiency in future modeling efforts were identified. |
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C07.00020: The rapidly advancing contact line: testing the limits of numerical resolution Yash Kulkarni, Tomas Fullana, Stephane Popinet, Stephane L Zaleski A rapidly advancing contact line can be obtained by letting a feed flow of velocity V fall from a height H on a plate moving horizontally at velocity U . For given fluids and a given geometry the problem has two control parameters, a Reynolds Re number based on V and a capillary number Ca based on U . Beyond a critical condition wetting failure happens and no steady-state solutions are found. This "curtain coating" or "hydrodynamic assist" setup is extremely challenging to simulate in the conditions of the experiments because of the centimetre-to-nanometer length scale ratio and an advancing Ca of order 1. We attempt it using the Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) method with quadtree adaptive mesh refinement with capillary forces computed using the Continuous Surface Force method and Height Functions for the curvature calculation. We use a fixed contact angle and a Navier slip boundary condition, focusing on the apparent contact angle and the critical conditions at which the steady-state solution disappears. Critical parameters of the stability window are first validated against the previous computations of Liu et al. (2016). Finally, we go at the limit of our resolution, that is a hundred nanometer and compare against the experimental parameters of the Blake et al. (1999). The stability window is seen moving towards the experimental window as the slip length is decreased, making this a remarkable comparison. Finally, we answer a long-standing physical question on the origin of accelerating flow around the rapidly advancing contact line, observed in the experiments (Clarke 1994) but not in the Stokes flow simulation (Wilson, Summers and Shikhmurzaev 2001). We observe the accelerating flow around the contact line in simulations, which is theoretically attributed to inertia (Varma et al. 2021). We propose an inertially corrected wedge theory, with the wedge angle based on the inflection point angle of the liquid curtain to describe the flow at tens of microns. It is only inside the cut-off length scale, the slip length, the velocity starts to decrease as expected from Stokes flow solution. |
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C07.00021: Development and Validation of Multiphase Droplet Impact Simulation Umut Basak Ulug Tekaslan, Patrick Whalen, Olivier COUTIER-DELGOSHA A 3D multiphase computational model to simulate droplet impact dynamics on solid surfaces has been developed. This model aims to predict droplet spreading characteristics, of the first milliseconds after impact, based on fluid properties, surface roughness, and impact speed. |
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C07.00022: Microplastics rise rate under breaking waves xuan liu, Qi Zhang, Shuhao Fu, Peng Yu, Cheng Li Breaking waves play a major role in breakup and transport of marine microplastics. Understanding their transport under breaking waves is crucial for modeling and mitigating marine microplastics pollution. The experiment was carried out in a wind-wave facility with a test section of 6.0×0.4×0.6m3. The breaking wave generated turbulence is characterized using 2D particle image velocimetry. The background turbulence energy dissipation rate is ~1 m2s-3 shortly after wave breaking and 10-3 m2s-3 60 seconds later. The rise rate statistics of spherical plastic particles with diameters ranging from 2 – 5 mm and specific gravity of 0.98 have been acquired by particle tracking velocimetry. The data analysis focuses on the effects of particle size and temporal evolution of turbulence level on particle rise rate. The results show a strong correlation between rise rate and the turbulence level, indicating the trajectory biasing plays a role in modifying their rise rate statistics. Our data provide valuable corrections to the rising rate of microplastics under breaking waves, offering experimental data support for understanding the transport characteristics and modeling of marine microplastics in breaking wave environments. |
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C07.00023: Particle resuspension and dispersion by a persistent vortical column of air Rajesh Ramesh, Yulia T Peet Dust devils are known to easily lift a bed of fine dust particles (of the order of microns), even in the absence of a strong mean wind. Once these dust particles are lifted off they remain suspended for a long time. Therefore dust devils are an important contributor to the dust levels in the atmosphere which in turn affects climate by scattering and absorbing solar radiation. In this context, we seek to understand the mechanisms involved in particle resuspension and dispersion by a vortical column of air. Here, our objective is to identify and quantify the fluid-particle interaction forces that contribute to a formation of a core of fine dust observed in both naturally occurring and laboratory simulated dust devils. To achieve this, we utilize a four-way coupled multiphase flow model to simulate a vortical column of air that interacts with a bed of particles lifting from the ground. The current study quantifies the particle uptake fluxes and correlates them with the local flow variables, such as turbulent velocity fluctuations and shear stresses. Results are presented and compared for different particle sizes between 10 μm and 100 μm. |
Sunday, November 24, 2024 11:20AM - 12:50PM |
C07.00024: INTERACT DISCUSSION SESSION WITH POSTERS: Multiphase Flows After each Flash Talk has concluded, the Interact session will be followed by interactive poster or e-poster presentations, with plenty of time for one-on-one and small group discussions. |
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