2-D and 3-D Direct Numerical Simulations of a Shock Interaction with a Cloud of Particles*

The present study explores the effect of viscosity, particle volume fraction, and shock strength on the long-term “steady-state” drag experienced by a cloud of particles under shock-wave loading. This study aims to extract drag statistics, such as mean, standard deviation, and explore the correlation with post-shock fluid statistics. Based on the statistics and correlation studies we highlight the dominant physical mechanisms responsible for long-term drag experienced by the particles. The differences between drag-statistics for 2-D and 3-D clouds of particles are illustrated and the viability of a multi-fidelity drag model is explored based on results from high and low-fidelity 2-D and 3-D simulations, respectively. We also investigate the importance of unclosed terms from the averaged governing equations.