Bulletin of the American Physical Society
66th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics
Volume 58, Number 18
Sunday–Tuesday, November 24–26, 2013; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Session R23: Biofluids: Physiological VI - Experimental Studies in Blood Flows |
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Chair: Alison Marsden, University of California, San Diego Room: 318 |
Tuesday, November 26, 2013 1:05PM - 1:18PM |
R23.00001: Dynamical systems characterization of inertial effects of fluid flow in a curved artery model under pulsatile flow forcing Michael Leggiero, Kartik V. Bulusu, Michael W. Plesniak The main objective of this study was to examine inertial effects in a 180-degree model of curved arteries under pulsatile inflow conditions. Two-component, two-dimensional particle image velocimetery (2C-2D PIV) data were acquired upstream of and at several cross-sectional locations in the curved artery model. A blood-analog fluid comprised of 71{\%} saturated sodium iodide solution, 28{\%} glycerol and 1{\%} distilled water (by volume) was subjected to multi-harmonic pulsatile inflow functions. First, signal time-lag was quantified by cross-correlating the input (voltage-time) supplied to a programmable pump and the output PIV (flow rate-time) measurements. The experiment was then treated as a linear, time-invariant system, and frequency response was estimated for phase shifts across a certain spectrum. Input-output signal dissimilarities were attributable to intrinsic inertial effects of flow. By coupling pressure-time and upstream flow rate-time measurements, the experiment was modeled using system identification methods. Results elucidate the role of inertial effects in fluid flow velocity measurements and the effect of these delays on secondary flow structure detection in a curved artery model. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, November 26, 2013 1:18PM - 1:31PM |
R23.00002: Pulse wave analysis in a 180-degree curved artery model: Implications under physiological and non-physiological inflows Kartik V. Bulusu, Michael W. Plesniak Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse pressures, and left ventricular hypertrophy contribute to cardiovascular risks. Increase of arterial stiffness due to aging and hypertension is an important factor in cardiovascular, chronic kidney and end-stage-renal-diseases. Pulse wave analysis (PWA) based on arterial pressure wave characteristics, is well established in clinical practice for evaluation of arterial distensibility and hypertension. The objective of our exploratory study in a rigid 180-degree curved artery model was to evaluate arterial pressure waveforms. Bend upstream conditions were measured using a two-component, two-dimensional, particle image velocimeter (2C-2D PIV). An ultrasonic transit-time flow meter and a catheter with a MEMS-based solid state pressure sensor, capable of measuring up to 20 harmonics of the observed pressure waveform, monitored flow conditions downstream of the bend. Our novel continuous wavelet transform algorithm (PIVlet 1.2), in addition to detecting coherent secondary flow structures is used to evaluate arterial pulse wave characteristics subjected to physiological and non-physiological inflows. Results of this study will elucidate the utility of wavelet transforms in arterial function evaluation and pulse wave speed. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, November 26, 2013 1:31PM - 1:44PM |
R23.00003: Secondary flow structures in the presence of Type-IV stent fractures through a bent tube model for curved arteries: Effect of circulation thresholding Shadman Hussain, Kartik V. Bulusu, Michael W. Plesniak A common treatment for atherosclerosis is the opening of narrowed arteries resulting from obstructive lesions by angioplasty and stent implantation to restore unrestricted blood flow. ``Type-IV'' stent fractures involve complete transverse, linear fracture of stent struts, along with displacement of the stent fragments. Experimental data pertaining to secondary flows in the presence of stents that underwent ``Type-IV'' fractures in a bent artery model under physiological inflow conditions were obtained through a two-component, two-dimensional (2C-2D) PIV technique. Concomitant stent-induced flow perturbations result in secondary flow structures with complex, multi-scale morphologies and varying size-strength characteristics. Ultimately, these flow structures may have a role to play in restenosis and progression of atherosclerotic plaque. Vortex circulation thresholds were established with the goal of resolving and tracking iso-circulation secondary flow vortical structures and their morphological changes. This allowed for a parametric evaluation and quantitative representation of secondary flow structures undergoing deformation and spatial reorganization. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, November 26, 2013 1:44PM - 1:57PM |
R23.00004: Setup of a Biomedical Facility to Study Physiologically Relevant Flow-Structure Interactions Faraz Mehdi, Jian Sheng The design and implementation of a closed loop biomedical facility to study arterial flows is presented. The facility has a test section of 25 inches, and is capable of generating both steady and pulsatile flows via a centrifugal and a dual piston pump respectively. The Reynolds and Womersley numbers occurring in major blood vessels can be matched. The working fluid is a solution of NaI that allows refractive index matching with both rigid glass and compliant polymer models to facilitate tomographic PIV and holographic PIV. The combination of these two techniques allows us to study both large scale flow features as well as flows very close to the wall. The polymer models can be made with different modulus of elasticity and can be pre-stressed using a 5-axis stage. Radially asymmetric patches can also be pre-fabricated and incorporated in the tube during the manufacturing process to simulate plaque formation in arteries. These tubes are doped with tracer particles allowing for the measurement of wall deformation. Preliminary flow data over rigid and compliant walls is presented. One of the aims of this study is to characterize the changes in flow as the compliancy of blood vessels change due to age or disease, and explore the fluid interactions with an evolving surface boundary. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, November 26, 2013 1:57PM - 2:10PM |
R23.00005: Effect of centrifugal forces on formation of secondary flow structures in a 180-degree curved artery model under pulsatile inflow conditions Shannon Callahan, Roshan Sajjad, Kartik V. Bulusu, Michael W. Plesniak An experimental investigation of secondary flow structures within a 180-degree bent tube model of a curved artery was performed using phase-averaged, two-component, two-dimensional, particle image velocimetry (2C-2D PIV) under pulsatile inflow conditions. Pulsatile waveforms ranging from simple sinusoidal to physiological inflows were supplied. We developed a novel continuous wavelet transform algorithm (PIVlet 1.2) and applied it to vorticity fields for coherent secondary flow structure detection. Regime maps of secondary flow structures revealed new, deceleration-phase-dependent flow morphologies. The temporal instances where streamwise centrifugal forces dominated were associated with large-scale coherent structures, such as deformed Dean-, Lyne- and Wall-type (D-L-W) vortical structures. Magnitudes of streamwise and cross-stream centrifugal forces tend to balance during deceleration phases. Deceleration events were also associated with spatial reorganization and asymmetry in large-scale D-L-W secondary flow structures. Hence, the interaction between streamwise and cross-stream centrifugal forces that affects secondary flow morphologies is explained using a ``residual force'' parameter i.e., the difference in magnitudes of these forces. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, November 26, 2013 2:10PM - 2:23PM |
R23.00006: Distant downstream steady-state flow studies of a mechanical heart valve: PIV study of secondary flow in a model aortic arch Brandon R. Fix, Christopher J. Popma, Kartik V. Bulusu, Michael W. Plesniak Each year, hundreds of thousands of aortic and mitral heart valves are replaced with prosthetic valves. In efforts to develop a valve that does not require lifelong anticoagulation therapy, previous experimental research has been devoted to analyzing the hemodynamics of various heart valve designs, limited to the flow up to only 2 diameters downstream of the valve. Two-component, two-dimensional (2C-2D) particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used in this study to examine secondary flow velocity fields in a curved tube modeling an aorta at five locations (0-, 45-, 90-, 135-, 180-degrees). A bileaflet valve, opened to 30-, 45-, and 59-degrees, and one (no-valve) baseline condition were examined under three steady flow inflows (Re $=$ 218, 429, 634). In particular, variations in the two-dimensional turbulent shear stresses at each cross sectional plane were analyzed. The results suggest that bileaflet valves in the aortic model produce significant turbulence and vorticity up to 5.5 downstream diameters, i.e. up to the 90-degrees location. Expanding this research towards aortic heart valve hemodynamics highlights a need for additional studies extending beyond the typical few diameters downstream to fully characterize valvular function. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, November 26, 2013 2:23PM - 2:36PM |
R23.00007: Plasma protein induced clustering of red blood cells in micro capillaries Christian Wagner, Mathias Brust, Othmane Aouane, Daniel Flormann, Marine Thiebaud, Claude Verdier, Gwennou Coupier, Thomas Podgorski, Chaouqi Misbah, Hassib Selmi The plasma molecule fibrinogen induces aggregation of RBCs to clusters, the so called rouleaux. Higher shear rates in bulk flow can break them up which results in the pronounced shear thinning of blood. This led to the assumption that rouleaux formation does not take place in the microcapillaries of the vascular network where high shear rates are present. However, the question is of high medical relevance. Cardio vascular disorders are still the main cause of death in the western world and cardiac patients have often higher fibrinogen level. We performed AFM based single cell force spectroscopy to determine the work of separation. Measurements at low hematocrit in a microfluidic channel show that the number of size of clusters is determined by the adhesion strength and we found that cluster formation is strongly enhanced by fibrinogen at physiological concentrations, even at shear rate as high as 1000 1/s. Numerical simulations based on a boundary integral method confirm our findings and the clustering transition takes place both in the experiments and in the simulations at the same interaction energies. In vivo measurements with intravital fluorescence microscopy in a dorsal skin fold chamber in a mouse reveal that RBCs indeed form clusters in the micrcapillary flow. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, November 26, 2013 2:36PM - 2:49PM |
R23.00008: Flow investigation in sidewall aneurysm model using a novel PIV multi-time-lag method Pierre Bouillot, Olivier Brina, Rafik Ouared, Karl-Olof Lovblad, Vitor Mendes Pereira, Mohamed Farhat The intracranial aneurysm (IA) lesion is one of the main causes of intracranial hemorrhage in productive population. It is well known that the hemodynamic factors have large impact on both the IAs rupture and treatment efficacy based on flow diverter stents. Precise experimental investigations of blood flow in IAs using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) are therefore strongly required in order to validate clinical treatments based on computational and clinical flow assessment tools. Due to the large variations of flow velocities in IAs, a single PIV measurement with a unique time lag between two consecutive images cannot provide a good level of precision in all the measured volume. In this work, we implement an error analysis based on several PIV measurements with different time lags to ensure an optimal precision in the entire measurement volume. This PIV multi-time-lag method is applied on a sidewall IA model to investigate the effect of the inflow pulsatility. By comparing the flow patterns resulting from steady and unsteady inflows we point out important differences which could be involved in the IAs evolution. In particular, the blood transfer in the IA and the vortical structure are significantly modified when increasing the pulsatility compared to quasi-steady conditions. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, November 26, 2013 2:49PM - 3:02PM |
R23.00009: Effect of swirling inlet condition on the flow field in a stenosis phantom model Hojin Ha, Sang Joon Lee The spiral blood flow effect in an axisymmetric stenosis model was experimentally investigated using particle image velocimetry velocity field measurement technique and streakline flow visualization. Spiral inserts with two different helical pitches (10D and 10/3D) were installed upstream of the stenosis to induce swirling flows. Results show that the spiral flow significantly reduces the length of recirculation flow and provokes early breakout of turbulent transition, but variation of swirling intensity does not induce significant changes of turbulence intensity. The present results about the spiral flow effects through the stenosis will contribute in achieving better understanding of the hemodynamic characteristics of atherosclerosis and in discovering better diagnosis procedures and clinical treatments. [Preview Abstract] |
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