Dark matter physics from near-field cosmology

Cosmological observables, from the CMB anisotropy to the census of galaxies in the local universe, offer the most direct and broad tests for the nature of dark matter, including a number of scenarios that are challenging or even impossible to test in a laboratory setting. I will review the status of the recent early-universe and late-universe searches for the identity of dark matter, summarizing the best current limits on scattering between dark matter and baryons, the non-thermal production mechanisms for sterile neutrinos, and mass bounds on thermal-relic dark matter. I will highlight the interplay between complementary probes of dark matter physics, focusing especially on the substructure in the Milky Way and its potential to resolve cosmological tensions. Finally, I will discuss the prospects for unveiling the physics of dark matter in the coming decade.