A mathematically-derived explanation of Hafele-Keating experiment and Einstein’s clock without twin paradox*

  The Hafele–Keating experiment was widely regarded as the proof of Special Theory of Relativity (STR). In fact, the experiment result questions the first postulate (principle of relativity) of STR, which implies that all inertial frames of reference are equivalent. The Hafele-Keating result, however, strongly indicated that the analysis of velocity can only be performed in a specific/preferred inertia frame. The principle of relativity also led to the well-known Twin-paradox. The experiment result is in direct conflict with the acceleration explanation of Twin-paradox, i.e. the twin who doesn’t experience the acceleration aged the most. This paper will show that the Hafele–Keating result is instead simply a straightforward mathematical derivation of “Asymmetry Theory” and there is not any paradox.

  Since only the second postulate (the constancy of the velocity of light) was well established, the idea is that we should base solely on this principle, which can be represented with the general equation O(to)-S(ts)=c*(to-ts).  Without relying on any other unproven assumption, a comprehensive set of ground-breaking results, which is named “Asymmetry Theory”, was derived through strict mathematics solely from this equation. Under Asymmetry Theory, the Hafele–Keating experiment, Einstein’s clock and GPS time variation are simply a straightforward mathematical derivation, with no paradox or the need of any argument. This Asymmetry Theory interpretation was also in harmony with other experiments, i.e. the Gezari’s Lunar ranging test.

  This is only one example of the comprehensive set of results of Asymmetry Theory.  Key physical phenomenon, such as Stellar aberration, Sagnac effect, Mass-Energy relationship, Doppler effect, Cherenkov radiation, Electron Relativistic Mass Variations, … are all simply straightforward mathematical derivation without any paradox in Asymmetry Theory. Asymmetry Theory was in harmony with all existing proven experiments and also theoretically proven by the Maxwell’s equation. Two experiments were designed to test its validity by checking its predictions against other theory.