Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS April Meeting 2023
Volume 68, Number 6
Minneapolis, Minnesota (Apr 15-18)
Virtual (Apr 24-26); Time Zone: Central Time
Session E01: Welcome Reception & Poster Session I (5:30pm-7:30pm CDT)Poster Undergrad Friendly
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Room: Orchestra A - D - 2nd Floor |
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E01.00001: NUCLEAR PHYSICS
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E01.00002: Simulation of fast timing scintillator detectors for time-of-flight measurements with heavy ion beams Justin B Placido, Alfredo Estrade The time-of-flight (TOF) for nuclear mass measurements relies on precise and |
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E01.00003: Cryocooling of the CHIP-TRAP Penning trap and detection electronics Mehedi Hasan, Ramesh Bhandari, Madhawa V Horana Gamage, Dakota Keblbeck, K. A. D. C. Perera, Matthew Redshaw Penning trap mass spectrometry (PTMS) provides the most precise and accurate method for determining atomic masses. At Central Michigan University (CMU) we are developing the CMU High Precision Penning Trap mass spectrometer (CHIP-TRAP) for precision mass measurements of stable and long-lived isotopes with applications, for example, in neutrino physics. In CHIP-TRAP the cyclotron and magnetron frequency of the ions will be monitored via the non-destructive image charge (IC) detection technique. Unlike destructive techniques, such as the time-of-flight technique, IC detection will allow continuous use of the same ion to facilitate high statistical precision and extensive investigations of systematics. To perform precise and accurate measurements, sensitivity to single ions and long measurement times are needed, both of which can be achieved by cooling the detection electronics and Penning trap to cryogenic temperatures to reduce thermal noise and improve the vacuum. As such, we are installing a low noise pre-amplifier that can operate at 4 K and in a 6 T magnetic field near the trap, with cooling provided by a pulse-tube cryocooler. In this presentation we will discuss the present status of the CHIP-TRAP experiment, particularly the commissioning of the Penning traps, detection of ions, and installation and initial testing of the new pre-amplifier and cryocooler. |
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E01.00004: Automated perturbation theory for x-dependent hadron structure Christopher Monahan, Tobias Neumann Lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) provides a nonperturbative approach to the determination of hadron structure from first principles. Parton distribution |
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E01.00005: Estimating charge radii for rare isotopes from stable nuclei Ambar C Rodriguez Alicea, Paul L Gueye, Jeremy Rebenstock, Maya S Wallach The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) started operation on May 10, 2022, becoming the most powerful facility to study rare isotopes for nuclear astrophysics research. Several facilities are under developments to couple electron linacs to storage rings in Japan (SCRIT at RIKEN) and in Europe (ELISE at FAIR, GANIL, and DERICA in Dubna) with the possibility to extend past and current scattering experiments from stable nuclei to exotic nuclei. Some preliminary studies to evaluate parameters for such systems were conducted. One of the first set of experiments to be conducted with such facilities is to measure the radii of nuclei from elastic scattering. Using the measured radii from the available literature, an interpolation/extrapolation technique was performed using the parametrization of the nuclear charge densities. The results from this work will be presented and discussed. |
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E01.00006: Scintillator Design for the sPHENIX Event Plane Detector Kanan ( Ahmadov The sPHENIX experiment is designed to do microscopic studies of the quark gluon plasma produced in heavy ion collisions. The sPHENIX Event Plane Detector (sEPD), covering 0 ≤ φ |
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E01.00007: Building a Readout Software for the NOPTREX Experiment Aaron Moseley, Christopher B Crawford The Neutron Optics Parity and Time Reversal Experiment (NOPTREX) is investigating violations of time-reversal symmetry in the hopes to explain the baryon asymmetry of the early universe. In pursuit of this, members of the NOPTREX collaboration are constructing an array of twenty-four sodium-iodide scintillation gamma detectors to measure n-gamma resonances in heavy nuclei. This system will produce a large amount of data in a matter of milliseconds, necessitating a high-speed data acquisition system to read the output of the detectors and deliver the data in a usable format. A custom firmware for a CAEN digitizer has already been developed that implements a trapezoid filter and charge integration to ensure the energy of each pulse is recorded. But, the firmware is limited by the basic readout software provided with the digitizer and cannot generate the required file output. We have developed custom readout software in C++ that reads out data from the digitizer firmware and analyzes it in real time before recording it to a file in the ROOT format to take advantage of the high-performance computing software developed at CERN. |
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E01.00008: An Electron Accelerator for Detector Characterization with Incident Particle Energies Between 0.1 to 1 MeV William C McCray, McKenna Sleeve, Adem Bektic, RJ Taylor, Albert Young, Chris Westerfeldt Neutron decay provides a mechanism for studying the fundamental properties of the weak nuclear force. Modern neutron decay experiments require accurate energy reconstruction which must be corrected for energy loss due to bremsstrahlung radiation during the detection process. A linear, pulsed electron accelerator was designed using Autodesk Inventor and Kassiopeia and is currently under construction at the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL) in Durham, North Carolina. The completed accelerator will be mounted inside a pressure vessel filled with insulating gas to allow the accelerator to reach a peak energy of 1MeV. The accelerator will be used to study bremsstrahlung production and to characterize semiconductor detectors that are used to study Nab experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source. |
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E01.00009: Oportunities for nuclear physics measurements with hot polarized neutrons with the POLI instrument at FRM2 Earl Babcock The POLI instrument at FRM2 uses a hot source and large focus monocromator to allow experiments with hot neutrons from 0.3 to 1.1 angstroms. In addition, POLI can provide both polarization and polarization analysis making it usefull for nuclear physics measurements. The instrument is curently being upgraded with 2 in-situ 3He polarizers to help insure the highest time-averaged perfromance of neutron polarization. For example experiments on the ROT effect in 128U have been sucesfully completed with users on this instrument, and work is proposed as part of the NOTREX collaboration to look for time and parity reversal violation using p-wave spectroscopy on heavy nuclei. |
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E01.00010: Gain Studies Using Cosmic Rays Eric Pierce The BONuS12 experiment ran in 2020 at Jefferson Lab in Hall B. BONuS12's central detector was a Radial Time Projection Chamber that was comprised of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs). In order to ensure that the GEMs were operating well, gain studies were done with cosmics data. Cosmics data has been taken both before and after the production run. Post-production data was taken at the test stand at Old Dominion University (ODU). This poster talk will focus on the ODU cosmics data, detailing progress and plans. |
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E01.00011: Energy dependence of heavy-ion initial condition in isobar collisions Somadutta Bhatta Collisions of isobar nuclei, those with the same mass number but different structure parameters, provide a new way to probe the initial condition of the heavy ion collisions. Using transport model simulation of 96Ru+96Ru and 96Zr+96Zr collisions at two energies √sNN = 0.2 TeV and 5.02 TeV, where 96Ru and 96Zr nuclei have significantly different deformations and radial profiles, we identify sources of eccentricities contributing independently to the final state harmonic flow vn. The efficacy for flow generation is different amount these sources, which qualitatively explains the modest yet significant energy dependence of the isobar ratios of vn. Experimental measurement of these ratios at the LHC energy and compared with those obtained at RHIC will provide useful insight into the collision-energy dependence of the initial condition. |
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E01.00012: HADRONIC PHYSICS
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E01.00013: PRECISION MEASUREMENTS AND FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
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E01.00014: Towards beyond-Standard Model searches with ultracold SrOH molecules Tasuku Ono, Benjamin Augenbraun, Alexander J Frenett, Hana Lampson, Zack Lasner, Annika Lunstad, Abdullah Nasir, Hiromitsu Sawaoka, John M Doyle Polyatomic molecules offer a powerful platform for precision measurements of physics beyond the Standard Model due to their complex structures. The near-degenerate vibrational states in the triatomic molecule SrOH can be used to probe candidate dark matter particles: since the energy levels of these states depend differently on the proton-to-electron mass ratio, μ, microwave resonance spectroscopy between them is highly sensitive to possible fluctuations in μ that would be induced by a broad class of ultralight scalar dark matter fields. Long-lived, easily polarized states in SrOH also enable a probe for the electron electric dipole moment. We report on work toward the laser cooling and trapping of SrOH. We have carried out spectroscopy of the vibrational states used in the proposed laser cooling scheme, where a molecule can scatter more than 10,000 photons before being lost in an unaddressed state. |
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E01.00015: Improved Measurement of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant G Alexandra Papesh, Emily N Ord, Ricardo S Decca, C. D. Hoyle The Newtonian gravitational constant, G, is one of the oldest known fundamental constants in nature, and yet it is known with the least precision of all other fundamental constants. Over the past 200 years numerous measurements have been made using a number of different techniques and have revealed widely varying values of G. Recently, improved measurements have been made by two experiments with results that are consistent at the 12 ppm level. After examination of the methodology used in previous measurements, the research group at IUPUI, in collaboration with Cal Poly Humboldt, will use multiple approaches within a singular torsion pendulum apparatus to precisely determine G. Specifically, measurements will be made using the angular acceleration feedback and time of swing methods in the same apparatus, which was carefully designed for reduced error in both techniques. We expect to obtain a measurement at the 2 ppm level using these new methods. By continuing the use of a torsion pendulum apparatus, we also hope to better understand the current discrepancies among previous experimental results. |
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E01.00016: Developing an Antimatter Gravity Interferometer Jacob Thomas The assumption that the effects of gravity on antimatter and matter are equivalent has permeated throughout almost all of modern physical theory and experiment. However, no direct observation of this effect from gravity has been made on a particle in freefall. A muonium beam diffracting through a series of gratings has proven to be a suitable method for recording such freefall. Simulating this with the best current understanding of diffraction and interferometry is vital in determining this antimatter-gravity relationship, since a physical construction requires a picometer-precise atom interferometer and muonium beam. The development of these simulations has both demonstrated the relative feasibility of experimentation and brought to question the viability in applying certain physical modeling and simulation methods. |
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E01.00017: ACCELERATOR SYSTEMS
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Author not Attending |
E01.00018: Beam production and energy gain measurements in a pyroelectric crystal accelerator Rodney Yoder The production of electron beams has been demonstrated using a method incorporating field emission from nanotips within the strong electrostatic fields generated by pyroelectric crystals. We have described the production of persistent currents within a hollow channel along the axis of a lithium niobate crystal. In this poster we further report on the staging of multiple crystals to produce near-relativistic energy gains, and present energy and current measurements on accelerated beams. Output is compared with numerical models. This mechanism is potentially suitable as an injector for laser-powered acceleration structures, which have dimensions comparable to optical wavelengths and require injection of a near-relativistic beam to achieve high-quality output; other applications include miniaturized medical and industrial electron and x-ray sources. |
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E01.00019: Liquid Xenon Positron Target Max B Varverakis, Spencer J Gessner, Robert Holtzapple, Hiroki Fujii Positron targets are a critical component of future linear colliders. Traditional targets are composed of high-Z metals that become brittle over time due to constant bombardment by high-power electron beams. We explore the possibility of a liquid xenon (LXe) target which is constantly refreshed and therefore not susceptible to the damage mechanisms of traditional solid targets. Using GEANT4 simulation code, we examine the performance of the liquid xenon target and show that the positron yield and divergence are comparable to solid targets when normalizing by radiation length. Additionally, we observe that the peak energy deposit density (PEDD) threshold for LXe is higher than for common solid targets, which makes it an attractive positron target alternative. We develop parameter sets for a demonstration application at FACET-II, ILC, C$^3$, and for an ideal linear accelerator designed around the LXe target. |
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E01.00020: PHYSICS OF BEAMS
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E01.00021: Creation and Implementation of Computational Tools for Modeling and Optimizing Electrostatic Quadrupole (ESQ) Array Geometry in Support of Developing a Cost Effective and Compact RF Linear Accelerator Nicholas Valverde, Qing Ji, Arun Persaud, Steven M Lund
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E01.00022: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
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E01.00023: Transitions in (1+1) light front Φ4 theory using quantum computing method Mengyao Huang, James P Vary, Wenyang Qian We study the phase transitions in (1+1) Φ4 theory using discretized light-cone quantization (DLCQ) with both classical computing and quantum computing methods. The transition at the ground state from a single-particle dominant state to a three-particle dominant state can be revealed by the parton distribution function and indicated by crossing of mass square eigenvalues at a strong coupling. The critical coupling is a function of resolution and will be extrapolated to the continuum limit. We discuss quantum computing as a method of exploring quantum phase transition in the light-front (1+1) Φ4 theory. |
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E01.00024: Studying Ghosts in Field Theory with the Fully Implicit Spacetime Finite Element Method Jax G Wysong, Hyun Lim, Jung-Han Kimn In physics field theory, the term ghost refers to a system with a degree of freedom that contains a negative kinetic energy term. These systems have been deemed dynamically unstable and will evolve without bounds. However, recent studies have shown that this is not always the case: some ghost-ridden systems are dynamically stable. This research seeks to further the understanding of how different systems can survive while living with ghosts. The numerical method executed here is the fully implicit space time finite element method. So far, data has been produced for cases with dimensions of 1 + 1 (one spatial and one temporal) and 2 +1. This is leading up to the 3 + 1 case which is of real interest due to its ability to represent physically realizable states of nature. By using the fully implicit space time finite element method, we would like to simulate a system to observe dynamically stable or unstable behavior of a simple ghost-ridden system. |
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E01.00025: Near-Miss Collision Risk in Congested Traffic Flow Meshkat Botshekan, Franz-Josef Ulm We present results of an investigation of the near-miss collision risk in traffic flow, that elevates observables, such as traffic density and velocity fluctuations, to a metric of accident precursor. Through rigorous use of concepts in statistical physics, we define the near-miss collision risk by means of the velocity state transition matrix, and propose a method of determining it from a dual definition of the velocity autocovariance function. We corroborate our method using both simulation-generated and crowdsourced vehicle velocity data. First, from exploring the phase-space of the Nagel-Schreckenberg cellular automaton simulation model, we find that the near-miss collision risk only occurs in congested flow, and is the greater the smaller fluctuations. Second, amidst the incessant rise of vehicle-caused fatality rates worldwide, the scalability of our approach to massively crowdsourced velocity data opens new venues for assessment and mitigation of actual vehicle collision. |
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E01.00026: Development of Nonlinear Optics Simulation Using the Accelerator Code ACE3P Mohamed Othman SLAC has been developing the parallel finite element electromagnetics simulation suite ACE3P (Advanced Computational Electromagnetics 3D Parallel) for accelerator modeling using high performance computing (HPC) platforms. ACE3P employs the parallel high-order finite-element method with conformal (tetrahedral) mesh for high-fidelity representation of geometry, and further accuracy can be obtained using quadratic surface and high-order elements resulting in reduced computational cost. Currently, the treatment of material properties applies to linear dielectrics and metals, wherein the electric displacement field is directly proportional to the electric field. The assumed linear behavior for this constitutive relation no longer holds for nonlinear materials, when the macroscopic polarization subject to strong electric field, for example, from high-power laser pulse, exhibits nonlinear dependence on the electric field, normally expressed in a power series with higher order terms in electric field. There is a rapid need for new interaction regimes of high fields that would drive nonlinear response in materials which are in turn essential for novel accelerator applications. Moreover, efficient conversion between photons of different energies is needed for harmonic and THz generation, as well as quantum sensors which inherently require materials with second- or third-order optical nonlinearity. In this work we present the current status of the development of the nonlinear EM solver, in ACE3P which includes nonlinear response of the dielectric material. This utilizes parallel and scalable architecture to perform simulations and virtual prototyping on multiscale optical and quantum systems. |
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E01.00027: Studying stability of Neutron Stars and its applications to Binary Neutron Star Systems Pavan Chawhan, Nishad Muhammed, Matt D Duez The stability of neutron stars (NS) is an essential question when studying compact objects, and the emission of gravitational waves. The turning point criterion is a crucial tool for studying NS that allows the stability of NS to be inferred from its equilibrium sequences. The criterion has been tested for NS having a constant entropy profile and one family of rotation law. We intend to extend the study to test the criterion for different rotation laws and entropy profiles; and study the stability of such NS. We use the Spectral Einstein Code (SpEC) to evolve such NS for a few milliseconds for central densities close to critical central densities. Through this poster, the work done on this front will be presented. We will also discuss applications to binary neutron star systems and provide an update on binary neutron star post-merger simulations with SpEC. |
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E01.00028: Scalar fields on fluctuating hyperbolic geometry Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Simon Catterall We investigate a model consisting of Kahler-Dirac fermions propagating on discrete triangulations of a negatively curved disk. After integrating out massive fermions we show that the effective discrete gravity action picks up curvature terms. For a large number of fermion flavors, we show that the geometry approaches a fixed regular tessellation of two dimensional hyperbolic geometry. In this limit, we observe power law boundary correlation functions consistent with holography. Using Monte Carlo we investigate if there is a transition to a non-holographic phase as a function of the fermion mass and number of flavors. |
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E01.00029: PHYSICS EDUCATION
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E01.00030: Efficient mass creation of ismorphic physics problems assisted by GPT-3 and Wolfram Alpha Zhongzhou Chen, Christopher Klatt, Munaimah Khan, Nicholas Ruffini One of the most effective ways to deter the use of resource sharing websites such as Chegg is to create problem banks that contain large numbers of isomorphic problems. We have developed a method of efficiently and systematically creating many isomorphic numerical input problems base on a single template problem, assisted by multiple technologies. First, the creators drafts several problem scenarios that are considered equivalent, and under each scenario, several variations that are considered isomorphic such as changing the direction of forces or velocities. Second, a short text prompt that includes the key information is created for the template problem, and the prompt/problem pair is input into GPT-3, a natural language processing model. New problem body text can be generated by inputting new prompts and making small edits, and the knowns and unknowns can be rotated for each variation to create more problems. Third, problem figures are created using scalor vector graphics, which can be easily modified for new situations. Finally, a solution can be quickly generated using an open computational platform Wolfram alpha. The generated problem figure and problem text can be directly inserted into popular online systems such as Canvas, and significantly reduce the time to create new isomorophic problem variations. |
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E01.00031: An Active Learning Approach to Teaching General Relativity to Undergraduates Parker W Troischt We present an active learning approach to teaching General Relativity at an undergraduate level as a possible template for teaching other upper-level physics classes. As opposed to using traditional lecture, students regularly work through short concept questions and longer analytical problems during designated class time. Examples are given of activities whereby students break up into pairs or teams to work collaboratively. Pre-class lectures are provided well before class to give students added “sink time” and thereby the chance to formulate more meaningful questions. The goals of this approach are to get students active, maximize participation by all members of the class, and maximize the efficiency of limited class meeting time. Surveys are used to gauge how well these methods are received by students compared to lecture as well as how confident they are in their understanding of the material. Post class learning assessments will compare performance with learning objectives. Lastly, we discuss plans to incorporate lessons learned from this class to another upper-level physics class considered to be conceptually challenging - quantum mechanics. |
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E01.00032: PHYSICS EDUCATION RESEARCH
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E01.00033: A Professional Development Program for Emerging Physics Education Researchers Shams El-Adawy, Christopher Hass, Eugene Y Vasserman, Mary Bridget Kustusch, Scott V Franklin, Eleanor C Sayre Many physicists start researching physics teaching and learning after earning PhDs, completing postdocs, and becoming faculty. Because they start doing this research after completing their formal training as physicists, there are limited opportunities for professional development in education research. Their options depend on the particulars of their home institution, departmental priorities, and their career stage. In this talk, we discuss a professional development program for emerging education researchers, PEER, designed to help faculty at any institution jumpstart their transition into discipline-based education research. PEER participants develop high-quality research projects, engage in targeted experiential work to develop their projects and skills, and join a long-term support community of peers, mentors, and collaborators. Drawing on evidence from physics participants, we demonstrate the impact of different workshop activities on their professional skills, identity, and self-efficacy. Our goal is to help foster the next generation of physics education researchers, whatever their current career stage. |
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E01.00034: Crossing boundaries: out-of-field teachers carrying out inquiry projects in physics Edit Yerushalmi, David Perl-Nussbaum, Zehorit Kapach Out of field teaching is a widespread phenomenon, in particular in the context of physics courses for non-specialists in lower secondary school. Out-of-field teachers lack content and content-pedagogical knowledge, and their expertise in their primary disciplines is devalued. This results in their low self-efficacy and impairs students' learning. Engaging students in scientific inquiry practices, a central goal of school science curricula, is even more challenging for these teachers as physics inquiry is theory based (as opposed to inquiry in biology, which is more empirical) and requires proficiency in content areas beyond the standard curriculum. |
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E01.00035: STEP UP Physics Joineé Taylor, Zahra Hazari, Geoff Potvin, Pooneh Sabouri, Bree Barnett Dreyfuss, Nicole Schrode, Claudia Fracchiolla Given the continued marginalization of women and minoritized racial/ethnic groups (MRE) in physics, STEP UP works with high school physics teachers to transform the culture in physics classes. Drawing on prior theory/research and co-designed by educators, students, and researchers, the STEP UP interventions include two lessons and an Everyday Actions Guide that disrupt narrow perceptions of physics and present counternarratives that challenge these perceptions while learning physics. In this poster, we present the findings from two studies that measured the impacts of these interventions on students' physics-related career intentions: first, with an intentionally-selected group of teachers (10 teachers, 823 students) across regions/contexts in the US; second, with a randomly-sampled group of teachers (13 teachers, 1509 students) from three regions that also included a comparable control group. The results showed that engaging in these interventions had a positive effect on the future physics intentions of women and MRE groups. In light of these findings, the evidence-based STEP UP materials and resources are being utilized as part of a national campaign to support teachers in broadening participation in physics. |
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E01.00036: Reframing Physics Student Preparation: Supporting Conversation about Ethics, Science, and Society in the Classroom Brianne Gutmann, Alice R Olmstead, Egla Ochoa-Madrid, Danny Barringer Physics has greatly impacted society, both in solving problems and perpetuating harm, yet we rarely train physics students to grapple with their responsibilities to society. The absence of direct discussions about the intersections of science and society in classrooms reinforces the idea that physics is purely objective and removed from societal impact or influence. In work done at Texas State University, we designed and implemented units about ethics, science and society in three different contexts: a modern physics course, an observational astrophysics course, and a multi-disciplinary course entirely focused on this topic. In each of these contexts, we scaffolded student discussions around large-scale ethical issues related to STEM. This presention draws on my experiences participating in this work as an instructor and a researcher, and will highlight factors that enable and limit student engagement, and consider implications for instruction. |
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E01.00037: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH
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E01.00038: Implementation of a Hough Transform on a Field Programmable Gate Array Matthew D Bruenning This presentation describes an undergraduate research project to study hardware implementation of artificial intelligence for particle physics tracking. In an effort to move neural network offline computations closer to the readout electronics of the detectors, pipelining and high-level synthesis design optimization are used in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). FPGAs have been shown to reduce latency and the large number of processing units that neural networks rely so heavily on. In this presentation, we generate random straight-line tracks in a 256x256 pixel array. Our FPGA performs a Hough transform in order to find the parameters of these lines, much like particle track reconstruction, and the timing capabilities of the algorithm are reviewed. The HLS software Vitis was used to determine clock frequencies and resource utilization estimates necessary for running a Hough transform and compare this to non-FPGA and potential neural network implementations. |
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E01.00039: Viability of a Novel Technique for Low-Mass Leptoquark Searches Audrey P Cole
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E01.00040: Numerical Calculation of the Masses of Light Mesons using the Time-Dependent Dirac Equation with SU(3)-color interactions Trevin Detwiler, Tyler Kroells, Timothy D Kutnink, Athanasios Petridis, William S Thomas This project aims to calculate the masses of light mesons as the bound states of quarks and antiquarks under strong interactions. The 8 gluon gauge fields are calculated using self-coupled equations with non-Abelian terms from the SU(3)-color interactions. The quark field evolves via the Dirac equation coupled to the gauge fields produced by the antiquark and vice versa. All of these are calculated on a numerical scheme with one spatial dimension and a time-step small enough to ensure stability. A 12-dimensional spinor is used to incorporate the 3 color quark fields for the quark into a single object for calculations; the same is done for the antiquark as well. The physical mass of the meson is determined by computing expectation values for the mass operator on symmetric and antisymmetric states. Physical states are identified as the time-asymptotic states of the numerically evolved system. The initial momentum dependence is removed via a statistical renormalization scheme. |
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E01.00041: Computation of dark matter-nucleus scattering rates in direct detection experiments Stanislaw Rakowski, Jakub Trzaska, Michal Zdziennicki Dark matter is one of the main topics of intensive worldwide research in cosmology and particle physics. The concept of dark matter is strongly indicated by vast astronomical and cosmological data. In this poster, we present how to compute the event rate in direct detection experiments for a given microscopic model. Empirically given constraints on impact velocities of interacting particles and their masses indicate that dark matter particles do not have enough energy to brake the nuclei bonds. It is then reasonable to take into account only DM-nuclei interactions. Scattering rates between DM and nuclei were studied by Cirelli, Del Nobile, and Panci (2013) for contact and long-range interactions. We extend the study of Cirelli et al. to interactions mediated by intermediate-mass particle. By applying effective non-relativistic scattering operators, we explore the mediator-mass dependence of scattering rates. This poster provides a framework for understanding the ways in which dark matter interacts with standard model particles, and offers insight for further study of these interactions. |
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E01.00042: CMS Education and Outreach in Virtual Reality (Please go to Poster Board #78) Garrett M Schindler, Julie Hogan CMS has a long history of using web-based event display software in educational programs for high school students. We will present an immersive virtual reality experience, developed by undergraduate students, that allows participants with any electronic device, including virtual reality headsets, to explore the CMS detector and event displays. This world was developed to support an event reconstruction tutorial for CMS graduate students, and has now been expanded to support a high-school level Z boson discovery activity. We will report our experience using this new outreach tool for a group of 25 high school students in January 2023. |
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E01.00043: Pileup Resistant MET using BDT Regression in the ATLAS Level-1 Topological Trigger Eli A Ullman-Kissel, Tae M Hong, Benjamin T Carlson Currently, the LHC collides 40 million bunches of protons per second, which produces a petabyte of data every second. To isolate important data, the ATLAS experiment uses a multi-level trigger system: first, the level-1 (L1) trigger uses custom electronics to greatly reduce the rate of incoming data from 40 MHz to 100 kHz; afterwards, the high-level trigger (HLT) uses software based analysis algorithms on PCs to filter out more complex background events, further reducing the rate to roughly 1 kHz. We have developed a package (fwXmachina) that enables the implementation of deep boosted decision trees in the L1 trigger. This allows machine learning algorithms involving regression and classification to run in custom electronics at the nanosecond scale. Using fwX, we present a regression algorithm that can be implemented in the Level-1 Topological (L1Topo) trigger which takes inputs from the various L1Topo missing transverse energy (MET) algorithms and produces a more pileup resistant estimate for MET than any individual algorithm. Pileup makes it more difficult to reconstruct events; therefore, pileup resistant algorithms will continue to be useful in the future as the LHC is upgraded. |
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E01.00044: Application of Equivariant Neural Networks to Boosted Top Tagging in CMS Open Data Lael Verace, Sergei V Gleyzer Boosted top tagging has become an important classification task for measuring properties of the top quark in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments. The landscape of this task, involving the classification of signal vs background in a large, complex dataset, is well suited for modern deep learning techniques which are capable of high performance on low-level data. We explore the application of a subset of these techniques, known as equivariant neural networks, on boosted top tagging using the ATLAS Top Tagging Open Data Set. |
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E01.00045: MISSFIT: Monte-Carlo Simulations of Particle Trajectories in a Magnetic Field Daniel Viscarra Riveros, Noah S Peterson, Trevin Detwiler, Matthew Holcomb, Jackson Kilburg, Alejandro Lobo, Jack Messerli-Wallace, Sam Mortenson, Gabriel Summers, Mateo Viscarra, Meredith Lutrell, Athanasios Petridis, David Atri Schuller, Justin Brutger, Keegan M Finger, Catherine M Huber, Luke Hofmann, Katrina R Sletten, Julie LaFranzo, Zach T Wellens, Lorien MacEnulty, Timothy D Kutnink, Gavin P Menning MISSFIT is an interdisciplinary student-led collaboration whose goal is to design a magnetic shielding system that would protect the crew of spacecrafts from solar and cosmic radiation. This magnetic field would deflect charged particles or direct them into bubbles of gas where they lose their energy. Our Radiation Subgroup has collected and organized large quantities of data on interplanetary radiation from Solar Wind and GCRs. These data are fed into a particle tracking code. We are currently working on a Monte Carlo simulation to test different configurations and strengths of the magnetic field and the ionizing gas. The code generates a magnetic field using boundary conditions on the A-field and a relaxation method. It then selects ranges of data for a specified radiation type and generates events. The code tracks the relativistic particles through the magnetic field with energy losses in the gas bubbles provided by SRIM code. Initial calculations have shown that it is possible to practically remove all radiation from the interior of the spacecraft. |
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E01.00046: Searching for Extreme Events in Multi-lepton Data from the LHC Xinyue Wu The Standard Model particles cannot represent the complete set of nature's constituents, but there's no guarantee that new particles to be discovered would be light enough to be produced on-shell at the LHC. Thus, indirect methods of probing higher mass scales become increasingly interesting in the search for new physics at the energy frontier. Effective Field Theory (EFT) is an example of such an indirect probe, which offers a model-independent method of extending the discovery reach of the LHC. As part of the EFT analyses, data from the CMS detector is explored. The full Run 2 data is preselected to be top production events with multiple leptons in their final states. The multi-lepton data are then classified in dataframe according to several characteristics (e.g. jet multiplicity). Top high-energy events in each class were searched. The observed data were compared with the simulation data of the EFT model qualitatively. A processor is written under the Coffea framework to run large quantities of data at scale using distributed batch system HTCondor with several hundreds of cores concurrently. A bottleneck of the computation performance is identified as the data transfer of input files (XRootD servers). |
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E01.00047: Modeling Dark Matter with the Singlet Model Chloe Zheng, Saki Khan We study the simplest extension of the Standard Model, the addition of only one real singlet scalar, as our particle dark matter model. The singlet model for dark matter is characterized by only three parameters in addition to our current Standard Model setup: the mass of the dark matter particle, the self-coupling strength, and the strength of the coupling to the Higgs field. Our modeling is mainly based on the dark matter properties calculation tool micrOMEGAs. With the newest version of micrOMEGAs, we are able to obtain values of the dark matter relic density from both the freeze-in as well as the freeze-out mechanisms. We produced several plots with different groups of parameters, and were able to compare our results of dark matter relic density with the observed dark matter constraints obtained from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). |
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E01.00048: Calibration Procedure and Results for the GlueX Start Counter Hillary P Beauliere, Joerg Reinhold, Vivianna Arroyave The GlueX start counter is the central detector of the GlueX experiment. It is composed of 30 scintillating plastic paddles that cylindrically surround the liquid hydrogen target. |
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E01.00049: AdS/QCD critical point via scalar-dilaton coupling Robert C Meadows, Sean P Bartz Mapping the phase boundary between ordinary nuclear matter and the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is an important project for both experiment and theory. Of particular interest is the search for the critical point, the value of temperature and baryon chemical potential where the smooth phase transition becomes discontinuous. Anti-de Sitter/Quantum Chromodynamics (AdS/QCD) is an application of the gauge/gravity duality that describes some aspects of nuclear matter, including the QGP. This work is an example of a soft-wall AdS/QCD model, which uses a dilaton field to set the overall energy scale and introduces a black hole to model thermodynamics. We study the chiral phase transition in a model with a coupling between the chiral field and the dilaton, which has been shown to produce a critical point. We study the effect of the quark mass and scalar-dilaton coupling coefficient on the location and existence of the critical point. |
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E01.00050: Determining Focusing Field Index in the Muon g-2 Experiment Jayden Patton, Frederick Gray Fermilab’s Muon g-2 experiment has confirmed a discrepancy between the muon’s magnetic moment and its prediction in the Standard Model, and continues to explore this phenomenon. The experiment utilizes scintillating “fiber harp” detectors to measure the motion of the muon beam. Extracting beam conditions from the fiber harps will allow simulation programs to be verified and adjusted. An extensive program has been developed to analyze fiber harp measurements and calculate the focusing field index within the storage ring under varying experimental conditions. The program utilizes a custom fitting procedure to identify the characteristic frequencies for cyclotron and betatron motion, which are used to compute the field index. This presentation focuses on the algorithmic approach used to calculate the field index and the process of grouping experimental data to estimate the uncertainty in the result. |
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E01.00051: The Constituent Counting Rule in Meson-Baryon Photoproduction Alejandra Granados, Lei Guo, Christopher A Leon, Frank Vera, Trevor G Reed, Manuel Ramirez Garcia The Constituent Counting Rule (CCR), based on perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (pQCD) framework, predicts the scaling behavior of the differential cross-sections of scattering processes at high energies: dσ/dt=f(cosθ)/sN. |
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E01.00052: Feasibility Study of Short-Lived Beams for Nuclear Physics Research Michael Pinkerton The development of new types of particle beams is vital to the study of nuclear physics as it can lead to new insights into the structure of the proton, neutron, and the atomic nucleus. Currently there is little existing data of processes induced by short-lived beams. These beams present a problem for analysis as they do not survive long enough to be detected directly. Properties of the short-lived beam particle can be deduced by reconstructing the event from the final-state particles, but the precision of this method must be tested. This research is a proof-of-concept experiment, in which the elastic scattering process pp→pp is measured using data from the CLAS Collaboration at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News, VA. Using events in which two protons are detected emerging from a liquid hydrogen (proton) target, we tested for the process pp→pp by determining the mass of the incident beam particle using energy and momentum conservation alone. During this run, the particle accelerator produced a photon beam of varying energy; the hypothesized proton beam particle for this measurement was produced within the target by the photon beam. To understand this, we need to know both the number of beam protons produced, and the number of target protons the beam interacted with. The beam flux (beam protons) can be measured directly by performing an analysis in which only a single proton is detected, and counting the number of such events. The target thickness (target protons) can be calculated from the angle of the beam proton. This presentation will present the history and motivation of the short-lived beam project, present the current state of the analysis of the pp→pp elastic scattering process, and suggest future applications of this technique. |
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E01.00053: Influence of the polarization direction on the extraction of the deuteron tensor polarized b1 structure function. Brandon S Roldan Tomei, Wim Cosyn In charged lepton-deep inelastic scattering, a charged lepton scatters off a hadron and is used to probe the hadron’s internal structure. If the target is a spin 1 hadron, four additional observables are introduced compared to the spin ½ nucleon, namely the b1, b2, b3, and b4 structure functions. These observables can provide further insight into the quark and gluon structure of the target, and the influence of nuclear interactions on partonic distributions. |
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E01.00054: Numerical Study of Single-Inclusive Longitudinal-Transverse Double-Spin Asymmetries in Electron-Nucleon and Proton-Proton Collisions Cody Shay, Brandon Bauer, Daniel Pitonyak High-energy collisions allow us to probe the interaction of quarks and gluons, which make up the internal structure of hadrons. In the aftermath of these collisions, other particles are formed, such as pions. These pions are produced in different quantities and directions depending on the type of collision and the orientation of the spins of the initial-state particles involved. These asymmetries can be measured in experiments. Our research focuses on the asymmetry ALT involving a longitudinally polarized electron or proton colliding with a transversely polarized proton, with a single pion, photon, or jet detected in the final state. Using new information on the functional form of parton distribution functions (PDFs) and fragmentation functions (FFs) involved in calculating ALT, we make predictions for Jefferson Lab, COMPASS, RHIC, and the future Electron-Ion Collider. We use Bayesian statistics to generate rigorous uncertainty bands. These observables should give us more insight into the quark-gluon-quark interactions that occur inside of hadrons. |
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E01.00055: A Simulation-Based Approach to Bekenstein's Model of a Varying Fine Structure Constant Ethan Baker, Daniel Grin Some evidence from quasars suggests that the fine structure constant α is actually not constant and instead varies over time. We examine Jacob Bekenstein's model of a varying α. We first simulate the early universe at a redshift of 1100 using a particle-in-cell plasma simulation in Python in order to model the strength of magnetic and electric fields generated by interactions between protons and electrons. We then use this simulation to determine the magnitude of a parameter ς originally conceived by Bekenstein that could provide the source of temporal variations of α. Using this simulation, we estimate that ς ≈ 10-12, which is 8 orders of magnitude less than the value most other authors use, 10-4. Additionally, we adapt our simulation to test Bekenstein's "Cancellation Theorem," which claims that Coulombic contributions from nucleons to ς are negligible because two terms cancel in the equation of motion for a scalar field that provides the source of α variation. Our simulation disagrees with this result, showing instead that the two terms differ by 5 orders of magnitude and thus do not cancel. Additional work is needed to investigate other possible contributions to ς, e.g nuclear magnetic contributions. |
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E01.00056: Data Analysis using Fourier and Wavelet Techniques Joseph J Trout, Gracie Buondonno, Emily Garvie This poster demonstrates our research on analyzing the light intensity spectra of stars with data provided by the Kepler Space Telescope. We analyzed the stellar light curves using Fourier Analysis and Wavelet Analysis. Continuous data of the light spectra intensities are used for the analysis of astronomical phenomena. |
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E01.00057: Energy Conservation in Bekenstein's Theory for a Varying Fine-Structure Constant Jack Crump, Daniel Grin Evidence from quasar absorption spectra indicates that the value of the fine-structure constant may have been slightly lower in the distant past. Jacob Bekenstein developed a cosmological scalar field theory that allows the value of the fine-structure constant to vary over space and time based on the density of charged matter. However, a typically used approximation to his theory does not conserve energy because energy is allowed to flow from matter into the scalar field, but not the other way around. The evolution equations in this theory were adjusted to conserve energy and the effect of this adjustment on the fine-structure constant variation compared to if energy was not conserved. Additionally, parameters in the energy conserved model were fit to Type Ia supernova data using Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. |
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E01.00058: Mutual information in interacting quantum field theories away from equilibrium Albert R Farah, Brenden M Bowen, Spasen Chaykov, Nishant Agarwal Momentum modes of an interacting quantum field theory (QFT) are generically entangled. On the other hand, the notion of decoupling in effective field theory, whereby degrees of freedom well beyond relevant energies do not play a significant role in the system’s behavior, suggests that well-separated modes must not affect each other’s evolution. It has been shown in previous work that the mutual information between two momentum modes of an interacting scalar QFT in Minkowski spacetime in its ground state indeed decays with mode separation, consistent with decoupling. I will first discuss the advantages of using mutual information over entanglement entropy or general Renyi entropies as a measure of correlations between degrees of freedom with a shared environment. I will next discuss the calculation of mutual information away from equilibrium and present results on time-dependent mutual information for different interacting QFTs initialized in the ground state of the free theory at an arbitrary initial time. I will show that mutual information in this out-of-equilibrium case also decays with mode separation and limits to the equilibrium result at late times. Lastly, I will generalize the results to interacting QFTs in de Sitter spacetime and discuss how background dynamics and the presence of a physical horizon affect decoupling. |
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E01.00059: Visualization of Analytical and Numerical Spacetimes Using Raytracing in Unity 3D Dante Raso, David Radice We present a ray marching code to visualize analytical and numerical spacetimes based on Unity 3D. Unity 3D is a free, cross-platform video game engine. Ray marching is an incremental version of ray tracing, an increasingly common graphics rendering technique in which the physics of the light rays that enter the camera are calculated based on the geometry of the scene. The paths of the light rays are found by integrating the geodesic equations numerically using an adaptive step-sizing RK2 technique. We bypass the use of the Christoffel symbols by calculating the derivatives of the spacetime metric, using a finite-differencing method. We have the option of using analytic spacetimes, such as the standard Schwarzschild metric, or using numeric spacetimes. We visualize the region beyond the event horizon by considering a numerical, puncture spacetime generated using the Z4c formalism of numerical relativity and interpolating as needed. |
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E01.00060: The [NII] 205 micron and [CII] 158 micron line emissions of four star forming Submillimeter Galaxies at z∼3-5.7 Sima Vaidya Submillimeter investigations of far-infrared (FIR) fine structure lines are a useful probe for the study of galaxies and the warm, neutral gas of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the early universe. Fine structure lines of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen reveal characteristics of the ISM and the star-forming regions in it. The [NII] 205 μm line is used as a tracer of C+ gas due to the very similar critical densities to the [CII] 158 μm line and the fact that the line ratio of [CII]158/[NII]205 in the ionized gas is constant. We used these properties to compute the percentage of ionized and neutral C+ gas in the PDR versus the HII region. We present data for the [NII] 205 μm and [CII] 158 μm line emissions, acquired with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope, to investigate the star forming properties of lensed, submillimeter galaxies at high redshifts between z~3-5.7. Through data reduction and interpretation, line ratios of 10 or higher were obtained, signifying a higher percentage of neutral [CII] in PDR's compared to HII region - 65% to 80% of neutral [CII] comes from the PDR's. |
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E01.00061: Constraining Vera C.Rubin Observatory's sensitivity on axion fraction at different axion masses Xingyun Yang Axions are possible candidates for dark matter and dark energy that affect the CMB acoustic peaks. We stimulated three-dimensional matter power spectra under different axion fractions and axion masses with the open sourced code axionCAMB. We converted the simulated matter power spectra into two-dimensional angular power spectra using the Limber approximation while creating six bins for the possible red-shifts and taking account of cosmic variance and the shot noise from the discrete measurements of the continuous density field of galaxies. Using fisher matrix analysis on the angular power spectra, we estimated the constrains on Vera C. Rubin Observatory's sensitivity on axion fraction at different axion masses. |
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E01.00062: Quantum tunneling in transistors Samuel Haupfear
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E01.00063: Data Analysis of Long-Term Temperature Data Joseph J Trout, Katelyn Brink This poster shows the results of the analysis of long-term surface temperature data for various locations around the world. The data was obtained from the National Climate Data Base. The data was analyzed using linear techniques, Fourier Analysis and Wavelet Analysis. This data was analyzed for use in a study of the urban heat island effect. |
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E01.00064: Transitional material on the effectiveness of Thermal RectifierL. Jiaxin, January 12th, 2023, Thermal dynamics, USC Jimmy Li, Alok Ghanekar, Michelle L Povinelli Thermal rectifiers have been gathering significant attention due to their potential applications in thermal regulation and thermal computation paradigms. We study paraffin wax-based thermal diode and its rectifying characteristics under transient boundary conditions. Due to the phase transition of wax around 48 C, the thermal conductivity of wax exhibits nonlinear dependence on temperature. As a result, we experimentally observe diode-like behavior. |
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E01.00065: SuperCDMS Background Explorer Functionality and Validation Tyler Martin The SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment is a next-generation direct detection dark matter search experiment with an anticipated world-leading sensitivity to particles with masses ≤ 10 GeV/c2. The experiment is currently under construction at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Ontario. The unique facility, located 2 km underground, offers abundant shielding against cosmic rays. The SuperCDMS experiment requires a low background environment. All materials surrounding the experiment are assayed as they could contain impurities that can decay radioactively and cause an interaction within the detectors. As a result, various isotopes in these enveloping materials will have their expected background simulated and estimated. Furthermore, contributions from neutrinos and cosmic rays whose spectra are calculated analytically can be taken into account. Background Explorer is a python/web toolkit used for book-keeping background estimations for the SuperCDMS experiment as well as other experiments, including the Cryogenic Underground TEst facility (CUTE) at SNOLAB and the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). Background Explorer takes an input of components, simulation datasets, and assay data to construct background spectra and display results in a user-friendly web interface. This presentation will demonstrate the functionality of Background Explorer V2 and its validation against the previously estimated backgrounds for SuperCDMS. |
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E01.00066: Exploring the Epoch of Reionization: Verifying a Capacitive Displacement Sensor for FYST Shalayah-Naomi Webb One of the main science goals of the Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST) is to investigate the sources of ionization that ionized the universe during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). To do this, mounted onto FYST is the instrument module: Epoch of Reionization Spectrometer (EoR-Spec). EoR-Spec will use Line Intensity Mapping (LIM) to observe fine-structure lines of ionized carbon [CII]. |
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E01.00067: PHYSICS IN SOCIETY
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E01.00068: Reforming nuclear weapons policy, plutonium problems, and how physicists can help Curtis T Asplund Physicists invented nuclear weapons over seventy-five years ago. Today, they still threaten humanity with catastrophe and, recently, this risk has been increasing. The US has over 1,500 deployed nuclear weapons plus thousands more inactive or retired. Current policy calls for maintaining and "modernizing" about 4,000 nuclear warheads and their delivery vehicles, at the cost of tens of billions of dollars per year and entailing significant risks to the environment and public health. Physicists can play an important role in providing scientific oversight and advocating for reform. I will present my work as a Next-Generation Fellow with the Physicists Coalition for Nuclear Threat Reduction. In particular, issues associated with plutonium pit production, which serves as a case study for US nuclear policy. |
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E01.00069: OUTREACH AND ENGAGING THE PUBLIC
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E01.00070: Updating a turnkey cloud chamber for outreach and education activities Alexa J Robbins, Matthew Bellis Since 2013, students at Siena College have worked to modify designs found online for what we refer to as, "turnkey cloud chambers". These cloud chambers do not need dry ice, instead relying on Peltier thermocoolers to create the necessary temperature gradient. Many designs and iterations have been created by Siena students. However, some components from the original design are no longer available. With the new components incorporated in the design, new 3D printed support mechanisms have been created. In this poster, I present the efforts to make the portability of the cloud chamber compatible with outreach activities such as high school visits. I also present an activity on how cloud chambers can be incorporated into classrooms when teaching about radiation. |
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E01.00071: DATA SCIENCE
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E01.00072: Lost in Translation: Can mathematical relationships be extracted using neural networks? Gabriella A Tamayo, Matthew Bellis Neural nets (NNs) are widely used in many fields of science, including particle physics. They are often trained to distinguish between signal and background physics processes, where the training samples come from Monte Carlo datasets where the physics principles are known. While NNs are very good at learning the differences between datasets, they are a black box and do not return any physics principles, just the probability of a given set of feature values belonging to dataset A or dataset B. We are interested in trying to understand if there is a way to extract the underlying mathematical relationships between the features (input values) and we start with a very naive approach of trying to visualize the NNs weights and biases to see if we can learn to "see" these relationships. One goal would be to extract the relativistic relationships between energy, mass, and momentum, from a dataset of 4-vectors. The current status of this work will be presented. |
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E01.00073: GENERAL
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E01.00074: HGCAL Assembly Support Software Charlie Kapsiak The endcap calorimeter upgrade to the Compact Muon Solenoid will replace radiation damaged components and substantially improve the physics performance in preparation for the High Luminosity LHC. The detector will be comprised of over 100 distinct types of circuits boards, which will be placed in complex configurations on cooling plates, to form over 60 different types of "cassettes." These cassettes will then be stacked to form the final detector. We present work developing software to assist assembly technicians in the process of constructing the detector and the management and tracking of the components therein. The software presented consumes generic configuration files, and produces a variety of information related to the construction, including component lists, construction history, component scanning, and interactive 3D models. Though this software package is designed for the assembly of the endcap calorimeter, the generic configuration format means it is compatible with nearly any construction. |
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E01.00075: Exploring individual binaries and a stochastic background in population-based simulated pulsar timing array datasets Bence Bécsy, Neil J Cornish, Luke Z Kelley The dominant source of gravitational waves in the nHz frequency band is expected to be a population of supermassive black hole binaries. The vast majority of these binaries are too weak to be individually detected, however they result in the emergence of a stochastic gravitational wave background. Ongoing pulsar timing array experiments are expected to reach sufficient sensitivities to detect such a stochastic signal within the next few years. As more data is collected, we will also be able to find individual supermassive black hole binaries, which will be excellent sources for multimessenger studies. To understand the challanges of detecting and characterizing either of these signals in a realistic setting, we create simulated datasets where we individually add the signals of hundreds of millions of binaries. For this we use synthetic catalogs of binaries based on the Illustris cosmological hydrodynamic simulation. We characterize deviations from the simple isotropic Gaussian background model due to the finite number of contributing sources, and we explore how that affects the detectability and parameter estimation of individual binaries and the stochastic background. |
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E01.00076: Boson stars: a quantum Monte Carlo approach Jesus Perez Rios, Saajid Chowdhury Dark matter could manifest as boson stars, i.e., macroscopic gravitationally bound Bose-Einstein condensates. These exotic structures are coherent at the macroscopic scale, as usual in Bose-Einstein condensates. Their ground state properties have been studied via the Gross-Pitaevskii equation to address their properties, thus treating the problem from a mean-field approach or via variational ansatz. In this work, we use quantum Monte Carlo techniques such as variational Monte Carlo and Diffusion Monte Carlo to study the ground state properties of boson stars beyond the mean-field approach and characterize the ground state energy, geometry, and structure of boson stars. |
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