Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS April Meeting 2019
Volume 64, Number 3
Saturday–Tuesday, April 13–16, 2019; Denver, Colorado
Session J11: Physics in medicine: devices, algorithms, and modelsUndergraduate
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Sponsoring Units: GMED Chair: Robert Jeraj, University of Wisconsin, Madison Room: Sheraton Governor's Square 17 |
Sunday, April 14, 2019 1:30PM - 1:42PM |
J11.00001: High-precision gamma-ray spectroscopy for enhancing the application of radioisotopes Lemise Saleh, Elizabeth McCutchan, Alejandro A Sonzogni, Suzanne Smith, Michael Carpenter, John P Greene, Shaofei Zhu, Matthew Gott, R. Jerry Nickles, Paul Ellison Precise knowledge of the radiation emitted by unstable isotopes is needed in a number of applications including nuclear medicine. Many isotopes were last studied over 30 years ago with primitive detectors and no particular use in mind. Since then, gamma-ray spectroscopy has made tremendous advances, now using multiple high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors employing Compton-suppression and high efficiency gamma-gamma coincidence spectroscopy. In the present work, we utilize these new techniques to improve the decay schemes of several isotopes with potential for PET imaging. Sources were produced either at the University of Wisconsin or the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer and then shipped to Argonne National Laboratory for assay using the state-of-the-art gamma-ray spectrometer, Gammasphere, consisting of 100 Compton-suppressed HPGe detectors. In all studies, the high-sensitivity of Gammasphere allowed for significant revisions to the decay schemes, including the observation of many new levels and gamma-ray transitions and reduction in the uncertainties of gamma-ray intensities and deduced beta-feedings. An overview of results on 76Br, 86Y, and 188Ir will be presented.
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Sunday, April 14, 2019 1:42PM - 1:54PM |
J11.00002: Compact Design of a Rapid Cycling Medical Synchrotron for Protons and Carbon Ions David L Bruhwiler, Dan T Abell, Nathan M Cook, Christopher Hall, Francois Meot, Stephen Peggs, DeJan Trbojevic, Nicholaos Tsoupas, Vernon Bailey, Joseph Lidestri, Manny Subramanian We present simulations of magnetic fields, particle tracking and other aspects of a novel compact design for an iRCMS (ion rapid cycling medical synchrotron), which is presently under development. The present design is based on previous work [1]. The dipole arcs make use of combined-function magnets and a small aperture beam pipe to minimize cost and footprint. The field overlap between the combined-function bending magnets is such that accurate simulations require treating the entire girder as a single magnetic unit. We describe and present results from simulations using a detailed field map and the Zgoubi code [2] to study this machine. All recent modeling results will be summarized. [1] D. Trbojevic et al., "Lattice Design of a Rapid Cycling Medical Synchrotron for Carbon/Proton Therapy," Proc. IPAC, WEPS028 (2011). [2] F. Méot, "Zgoubi users guide," FERMIL AB-TM-2010 (1997). |
Sunday, April 14, 2019 1:54PM - 2:06PM |
J11.00003: L-shell X-ray Fluorescence Detection of Lead in Bone and Soft Tissue Phantoms Using a Microbeam and a Grazing-Incidence Method. Mihai R Gherase Lead (Pb) is a known toxic element. Human Pb exposure was significantly reduced by removing Pb from gasoline and paints, but health concerns posed by low Pb blood (<10 μg/dL) remain. Pb accumulates in the bone, hence, exposure is best assessed via bone Pb concentration measurements, not blood Pb. Tibia bone Pb K-shell X-ray Fluorescence (KXRF) measurement method using a Cd-109 radionuclide was developed in the mid-1980s and used later for in vivo studies. Its counterpart, the L-shell X-ray Fluorescence (LXRF) method, can use the more practical x-ray tube and silicon x-ray detector devices. However, its lower sensitivity and issues with the early calibration method deemed the method as not feasible. In our lab, a microbeam from an integrated x-ray tube and polycapillary x-ray lens unit and a silicon x-ray detector were used to measure detection limits in Pb-doped plaster-of-Paris bone and polyoxymethylene (POM) soft tissue phantoms. Using a grazing-incidence XRF geometry, detection limits from 2 to 36 μg/g were obtained for POM thickness values in the 0 to 5 mm range. The study demonstrated the importance of the XRF geometry in the x-ray scatter reduction and improvement of bone Pb detection. |
Sunday, April 14, 2019 2:06PM - 2:18PM |
J11.00004: Advancing Complex Fluorescence Lifetime Image Reconstruction via Deep 3D-FCNs Jason T. Smith, Ruoyang Yao, Nattawut Sinsuebphon, Alena Rudkouskaya, Margarida Barroso, Pingkun Yan, Xavier Intes Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLI) is a mainstay imaging technique with the unique benefit of enabling sensitive quantification of the biological micro-environment, such as with metabolic status and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, FLI has an increasing role in preclinical and clinical settings thanks to its ability to reveal tissue composition, to enable biomarker multiplex-imaging and to provide enhanced data sets for tomographic applications. Further, FLI is the most robust approach to perform Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) which recently has been demonstrated to enable the quantification of target-receptor engagement in live subject. However, the technique is somewhat limited due in large part to its reliance on time-consuming inverse solvers. Herein, we demonstrate a novel fit-free approach for FLI reconstruction based on a 3D-Fully Convolutional Network (3D-FCN) trained entirely in silico capable of high-performance quantification of complex fluorescence decays simultaneously over a whole image in quasi real-time. Our microscopic (FLIM) and macroscopic (MFLI) studies establish our analytic framework as a robust tool for FLI studies over a large range of lifetimes (visible-NIR), photon count and technologies employed. |
Sunday, April 14, 2019 2:18PM - 2:30PM |
J11.00005: Identification of inflection points and filtering torsion spikes in digitally reconstructed vessels improves tortuosity estimates of cardiovascular data Alexander B Brummer, Van M Savage Measures of arterial and blood vessel tortuosity (e.g. curvature and torsion) are strongly linked with a suite of cardiovascular diseases. Examples include: broad “C”- and “S”- shaped vessels associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis; tight clustering associated arteriovenous malformations; and helical coiling associated with malignant tumors. Current methods of measuring vessel torsion are error prone when encountering inflection points. Using the Frenet-Serret Theorem of Curves, estimates of torsion exhibit singular behavior at inflection points due to the vanishing second- and third-order derivatives of the blood vessel position vector. We present numerical methods for solving the Frenet-Serret system of equations to identify inflection points and filter spikes in torsion estimates. We apply this method to real blood vessel data from the human torso, head, and brain and demonstrate order of magnitude reductions in estimates of the maximum torsion. We discuss further implications for other common tortuosity metrics (e.g. sum of all angles), and applications toward classification methods for disease diagnostics. |
Sunday, April 14, 2019 2:30PM - 2:42PM |
J11.00006: Improving risk predictions in heart failure using multivariate analysis techniques from high energy physics Eric Adler, Claudio F Campagnari, Barry Greenberg, Avi Yagil Predicting mortality in heart failure (HF) is critically important to patients, their providers, healthcare systems, and third-party payers alike. The ability to accurately assess outcomes in patients with HF, however, has proven to be difficult. We have used multivariate machine learning techniques from high energy physics to create MARKER-HF, a risk score for heart HF patients, based on eight commonly available clinical variables. The algorithm was developed on de-identified patient data extracted from the electronic medical records at the UC San Diego medical center. We found that MARKER-HF outperforms existing HF risk scores built through more conventional algorithms. The performance of MARKER-HF was also validated on databases of patients from UC San Francisco and from a large multi-national European registry (BIOSTAT-CHF). The clinical ramifications of our study are numerous. One of the central challenges in HF management is the reliable identification of high-risk patients to allow for the timely deployment of additional resources. MARKER-HF could also assist in the evaluation of patients for potentially life-saving interventions, such as cardiac implantable electronic devices, mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation |
Sunday, April 14, 2019 2:42PM - 2:54PM |
J11.00007: Determining Work Functional Capacity Using Interpolation of Clinical Data Set Jerry L Artz, John Alchemy We have developed a unique medical-physics tool to estimate an injured individual’s work limitations in the workers’ compensation system. Currently, determining an individual’s functional ability to lift, push, and pull is a highly subjective and variable event that depends on a clinician’s experience. Incorrect estimates introduce problems for injured workers, employers, and other stakeholders in a workers’ compensation claim, such as reinjury caused by premature return to work or delayed return to full duty. Using mathematical rulesets and fundamental physics, this tool may minimize further injury and assist in setting accurate return to work conditions for an individual. This work is an interdisciplinary collaboration between the medical field and physics community. |
Sunday, April 14, 2019 2:54PM - 3:06PM |
J11.00008: The Relation Between the Quantum Entanglement In Theoretical Physics as a New Insight into the Cancer Biology Somayeh Zaminpira Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in theoretical physics that happens when pairs or groups of particles are generated in ways that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance. Instead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole. Based on the introduction of cancer as an evolutionary metabolic disease (EMHC), each cancerous cell are eukaryotic cells with different metabolic rate from healthy cells due to the damaged or shut down mitochondria in them. Assuming each human eukaryotic cell as a particle and the whole body as a quantum entangled system, is a new perspective into the description of the cancer disease and this link between theoretical physics and biological sciences in the field of cancer therapies can be a new insight into the cause, prevention and treatment of cancer. Additionally, this perspective admits the Lamarckian evolution in the understanding of the mentioned disease. |
Sunday, April 14, 2019 3:06PM - 3:18PM |
J11.00009: Consciousness as a superposition of collective neuronal excitations Suzy Lidstrom, Roland E Allen We first point out that the “hard problem” of David Chalmers has the same status as "why is there something rather than nothing?" I.e., it may or may not have meaning for human observers embedded within nature. For this reason, we focus exclusively on the search for scientific understanding of consciousness, and propose a simple but apparently novel description: Consciousness is a dynamically weighted superposition of collective neuronal excitations (or collective excitations of quantum fields from a physics perspective), corresponding to sensations, emotions, and thoughts. This interpretation is based on many examples from physics of how collective modes, and not just localized structures, have profound physical reality. A rough analogy is a superposition of the modes of a vibrating string, with each mode corresponding to a specific element of vision, memory, etc. Since a brain is a vastly more complex structure, it supports a vastly richer set of collective modes. A simple formal mathematical model of this basic idea will be presented. We suggest experimental tests of this broad model, to distinguish it from proposals based on specific structures or regions of the brain, information per se, quantum coherence, etc., including the evolving descriptions of Crick and Koch. |
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