Session X1: Poster Session IV (10:30-13:30)

Spontaneous mass generation and the small dimensions of the Standard Model gauge groups U(1), SU(2) and SU(3)

The gauge symmetry of the Standard Model is $U(1)xSU(2)_LxSU(3)$ for unknown reasons. One aspect that can be addressed is the low dimensionality of all its subgroups. Why not much larger groups like SU(7) or for that matter, SP(38) or E7? We observe that fermions charged under large groups acquire much bigger dynamical masses, all things being equal at a high e.g. GUT scale, than ordinary quarks. Should such multicharged fermions exist, they are too heavy to be observed today and have either decayed early on (if they couple to the rest of the Standard Model) or become reliquial dark matter (if they don't). The result follows easily from strong antiscreening of the running coupling for the larger group together with scaling properties of the Dyson-Schwinger equation for the fermion mass.   

Electron Neutrino Appearance Analysis in MINOS+

MINOS+, the successor of MINOS experiment, has taken data from September 2013 to July 2016. Utilizing the Fermilab NuMI beam operating in the medium energy setting, MINOS+ analyses aimed to not only cross-check the MINOS results on the conventional three-flavor model but also search for the possible existence of sterile neutrinos and other exotic phenomena. By conducting the electron neutrino appearance analysis within the framework of 3+1 model, new limits on the sterile mass-squared different $\Delta m_{41}^2$ and the mixing angle $\sin^2(2\theta_{\mu e})$ can be set, allowing a direct comparison to the LNSD anomaly.   

Improved Constraints on the hep Solar Neutrino and Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background Fluxes with SNO

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) has demonstrated that the apparent deficit in solar neutrinos observed on Earth is due to matter-enhanced flavor transitions and provided precise measurements of the relevant model parameters. The low backgrounds and large, spectral $\nu_e-d$ cross section that enabled this program also give SNO unique sensitivity to two yet-unobserved neutrino signals of interest: $hep$ solar neutrinos and the $\nu_e$ component of the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB). We have developed a combined $hep$ and DSNB search making use of the full SNO dataset. We perform both a cut-and-count analysis and a multidimensional spectral fit, improving upon previously reported constraints based on the initial phase of SNO running only.   

Characteristic Signal of Neutron-Antineutron Oscillation in Argon Nuclei at DUNE.

Babu et al. have recently proposed a model of post-sphaleron baryogenesis following the electroweak phase transition. Their theory naturally gives rise to a plausible baryon abundance and a $\Delta $B$=$2 six-quark operator which allows for the generation of nbar from n. Using n bound in Ar, DUNE currently plans to include n-nbar events in their nucleon decay searches. Using GENIE, modeling is underway on intranuclear interactions mimicking n-nbar annihilation in Ar nuclei. Eliminating atmospheric $\nu $ background from such events will be a challenge for liquid Ar TPCs at DUNE, so simulation work must be considered for $\nu $ interactions in Ar nuclei, which produce similar signals to n-nbar annihilation. Key to understanding possible experimental signals will be the integration of these two for a proper robust analysis, which will determine the viability of any detection of this process above background levels.   

Systematic harmonic power laws inter-relating multiple fundamental constants

Power laws and harmonic systems are ubiquitous in physics. We hypothesize that 2, $\pi $, the electron, Bohr radius, Rydberg constant, neutron, fine structure constant, Higgs boson, top quark, kaons, pions, muon, Tau, W, and Z when scaled in a common single unit are all inter-related by systematic harmonic powers laws. This implies that if the power law is known it is possible to derive a fundamental constant's scale in the absence of any direct experimental data of that constant. This is true for the case of the hydrogen constants. We created a power law search engine computer program that randomly generated possible positive or negative powers searching when the product of logical groups of constants equals 1, confirming they are physically valid. For 2, $\pi $, and the hydrogen constants the search engine found Planck's constant, Coulomb's energy law, and the kinetic energy law. The product of ratios defined by two constants each was the standard general format. The search engine found systematic resonant power laws based on partial harmonic fraction powers of the neutron for all of the constants with products near 1, within their known experimental precision, when utilized with appropriate hydrogen constants. We conclude that multiple fundamental constants are inter-related within a harmonic power law system.   

One Higgs and a Standard Model, No Need for Supersymmetry

With the detection of a Higgs like boson at 125 GeV in the summer of 2012, the Standard Model of particle physics was complete. However, there remain theoretical problems with the SM, such as naturalness and the hierarchy problem to name a few. For many years, extensions of the SM such as Supersymmetry, have provided interesting theoretical solutions to many of these problems. In addition to the wealth of beyond the Standard Model physics these theories predict. Yet, with the latest LHC data, there is still no sign of SUSY. With the SM holding up extremely well to the highest energies we have been able to experimentally probe. Here, we examine some of the ``theoretical shortcomings'' of the SM. We intend to question, based on LHC data, whether there is a need for SUSY, or if the SM, with the so far discovered single Higgs boson, can remain a consistent model of particle physics at yet higher energies.   

Multiple-cavity detector for axion dark matter search

Exploring higher frequency regions in axion dark matter searches using microwave cavity detectors requires a smaller size of the cavity as the TM010 frequency scales inversely with the cavity radius. One of the intuitive ways to make a maximal use of a given magnet volume, and thereby to increase the experimental sensitivity, is to bundle multiple cavities together and combine their individual outputs ensuring phase-matching of the coherent axion signal. The Experiment of Axion Search aT CAPP (EAST-C) is a dedicated project to develop multiple-cavity systems at the Centre for Axion and Precision Physics Research (CAPP) of the Institute for Basic Science (IBS). In this poster, the conceptual design of the phase-matching mechanism and experimental feasibility using a quadruple-cavity system will be presented.   

Improving the quality factor of microwave cavities for axion search experiments

In cavity-based axion search experiments, the quality factor (Q) of microwave resonant cavities is an important parameter to be sensitive to faint~signal from the axion-to-photon conversion. One of the R{\&}D efforts conducted at the Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research (CAPP) of the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) is to improve the quality factor of resonant cavities by employing two approaches - pure material and heat treatment.~Using a 4K cryocooler and liquid helium,~we measure the temperature dependence of Q value to find the effect of material purity~and an optimal condition of heat treatment. The~measurements are performed~on Cu and Al cavities and the~results are shown in this presentation.   

Parton Distribution Function Reweighting and Associated Uncertainties in a Search for Dark Matter with the ATLAS Detector

Investigating the properties of a proton involved in a proton-proton collision at the Large Hadron Collider furthers our understanding of resulting processes from the collision. In the search for dark matter produced alongside a new heavy resonance, Z', or a W/Z boson, a process characterized by large missing transverse momentum from the undetected dark matter particles, parton distribution functions (PDFs) of protons were utilized to improve the Monte Carlo simulation of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt[]{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector. The PDF set NNPDF30 leading order was used to generate events with applied cuts: missing transverse momentum greater than 250 GeV, pseudorapidity of $|\eta|< 2.5$, and groomed jets with $R = 1.0$. An algorithm was developed to do PDF reweighting from NNPDF30 leading order to the following PDF sets: NNPDF30 next-to-leading order, MMHT2014, HERAPDF20, CT14, and MSTW2008. Distributions of the transverse momentum, mass, azimuthal angle, rapidity, and pseudorapidity for the leading and subleading jets, as well as the missing transverse momentum, were produced with the PDF reweighting algorithm. The uncertainty associated with the choice of a particular PDF in creating these distributions was calculated.   

Vacuum stability in models with extended Higgs sectors

Determining the stability of the Electroweak Vacuum in extensions of the Standard Model is a non-trivial problem already at tree level, for, in renormalizable theories, it requiresknowing the full structure of all extrema of a quartic polynomial in a possibly high-dimensional field space. Going beyond lowest order requires adding logarithmic corrections that make the problem numerically more challenging. We study this question within the context of the NMSSM using VeVacious, a tool that performs numerical minimization of the 1-loop effective potential around the tree-level extrema. In particular, we focus on classifying the glogal minimum structure in the light singlet region considered by Pokorski et al., which can have interesting experimental signatures.   

Studying Silicon Photomultipliers and Light Signal Acquisition for the SBND Experiment

The Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) is one of three Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) based detectors that will be used in the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program at Fermilab. SBN will study the neutrino-argon interaction and search for oscillations at short baseline. Light produced in neutrino interactions inside a LArTPC provides a precision measurement of the initial interaction time of the event, essential for differentiating non-beam-background from beam-based signal. I will discuss the light guide system for SBND, with an emphasis on the Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) readout and data acquisition. In particular, I will show results from testing and characterizing a candidate electronics board for reading out the SiPM signals.   

The CMS electron and photon trigger for the LHC Run 2

The CMS experiment implements a sophisticated two-level triggering system composed of Level-1, instrumented by custom-design hardware boards, and a software High-Level-Trigger. A new Level-1 trigger architecture with improved performance is now being used to maintain the thresholds that were used in LHC Run I for the more challenging luminosity conditions experienced during Run II. The upgrades to the calorimetry trigger will be described along with performance data. The algorithms for the selection of final states with electrons and photons, both for precision measurements and for searches of new physics beyond the Standard Model, will be described in detail.   

ATLAS trigger operations: Upgrades to ``Xmon'' rate prediction system

We present ``Xmon,'' a tool to monitor trigger rates in the Control Room of the ATLAS Experiment. We discuss Xmon's recent (1) updates, (2) upgrades, and (3) operations. (1) Xmon was updated to modify the tool written for the three-level trigger architecture in Run-1 (2009-2012) to adapt to the new two-level system for Run-2 (2015-current). The tool takes as input the beam luminosity to make a rate prediction, which is compared with incoming rates to detect anomalies that occur both globally throughout a run and locally within a run. Global offsets are more commonly caught by the predictions based upon past runs, where offline processing allows for function adjustments and fit quality through outlier rejection. (2) Xmon was upgraded to detect local offsets using on-the-fly predictions, which uses a sliding window of in-run rates to make predictions.~(3) Xmon operations examples are given. Future work involves further automation of the steps to provide the predictive functions and for alerting shifters.   

ATLAS level-1 calorimeter trigger: Monitoring and data reprocessing

We present the monitoring and data reprocessing for the calorimeter-based hardware level-1 trigger system (L1Calo) for the ATLAS experiment. This trigger system was upgraded after the Run-1 data taking period (2009-2012) to prepare for Run-2 (2015-current), which allowed better control the event rates for algorithms based on jets and/or missing energy. Monitoring tools for the upgraded system is described. We also present a new offline tool to reprocess previous data samples with altered L1Calo settings, such as calibration constants and noise cuts. The samples are used to study the dependence of the event rates and signal efficiencies on the settings. The studies can help plan the appropriate L1Calo settings for upcoming data taking periods as well as for future runs.   

R&D of Radiation-Hard Scintillators and WLS Fibers

Radiation resistant and high light-yield scintillators are in more need than ever at particle physics experiments. In this regard, several polyethylene-based and quartz-based scintillating materials and WLS fibers have been studied. Radiation resistance of plastic scintillators such as PEN, PET, SiX and Eljen samples and WLS fibers has been studied over time after they are exposed to 1.4 and 14 MRad total radiation by 137Cs gamma source. The light-yield and timing measurements of the plastic scintillators as well as coated quartz plates have been studied in beam test at Fermilab Test Beam Facility (FTBF). Here, we discuss the recent developments and the results of beam tests and laboratory measurements.   

Analysis of Performance of a Radiation-Hard, Highly-Segmented Shashlik Electromagnetic Calorimeter in the CERN H4 Testbeam

A shashlik style calorimeter with alternating tungsten and LYSO crystal plates underwent testbeam analysis to determine its energy resolution. A single shashlik module is a tiny rectangular prism composed of 28 2.5 mm thick tungsten plates alternating with 29 1.5 mm thick LYSO crystals, which each have a length and width of 14 mm. The expected stochastic energy resolution of this design was predicted to be ~10\%/$sqrt{E}$ by standalone GEANT4 simulations and subsequent beam tests. A 4x4 array of shashlik modules has been tested using the H4 beamline at CERN. Following a correction to the nonlinearity of SiPM response, the energy resolution was determined.   

Characterization of Novel Operation Modes for Secondary Emission Ionization Calorimetry

Secondary Emission (SE) Ionization Calorimetry is a novel technique to measure electromagnetic showers in high radiation environments. We have developed new operation modes by modifying the bias of the conventional PMT circuits. Hamamatsu single anode R7761 and multi-anode R5900-00-M16 Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) with modified bases are used as SE detector modules in our SE calorimetry prototype. In this detector module, the first dynode is used as the active media as opposed to photocathode. Here, we report the technical design of new modes and characterization measurements for both SE and PMT modes.   

ATLAS event display: Virtual Point-1 visualization software

Virtual Point-1 (VP1) is an event display visualization software for the ATLAS Experiment. VP1 is a software framework that makes use of ATHENA, the ATLAS software infrastructure, to access the complete detector geometry. This information is used to draw graphics representing the components of the detector at any scale. Two new features are added to VP1. The first is a traditional ``lego'' plot, displaying the calorimeter energy deposits in eta-phi space. The second is another lego plot focusing on the forward endcap region, displaying the energy deposits in r-phi space. Currently, these new additions display the energy deposits based on the granularity of the middle layer of the liquid-Argon electromagnetic calorimeter. Since VP1 accesses the complete detector geometry and all experimental data, future developments are outlined for a more detailed display involving multiple layers of the calorimeter along with their distinct granularities.   

Event Discrimination using Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are computational models that have been shown to be effective at classifying different types of images. We present a method to use CNNs to distinguish events involving the production of a top quark pair and a Higgs boson from events involving the production of a top quark pair and several quark and gluon jets. To do this, we generate and simulate data using MADGRAPH and DELPHES for a general purpose LHC detector at 13 TeV. We produce images using a particle flow algorithm by binning the particles geometrically based on their position in the detector and weighting the bins by the energy of each particle within each bin, and by defining channels based on particle types (charged track, neutral hadronic, neutral EM, lepton, heavy flavor). Our classification results are competitive with standard machine learning techniques. We have also looked into the classification of the substructure of the events, in a process known as scene labeling. In this context, we look for the presence of boosted objects (such as top quarks) with substructure encompassed within single jets. Preliminary results on substructure classification will be presented.   

Charge Transport Properties in Disordered Organic Semiconductor as a Function of Charge Density: Monte Carlo Simulation

We have done Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to investigate the effect of charge carrier density on the electrical conductivity and carrier mobility in disordered organic semiconductors using a lattice model. The density of state (DOS) of the system are considered to be Gaussian and exponential. Our simulations reveal that the mobility of the charge carrier increases with charge carrier density for both DOSs. In contrast, the mobility of charge carriers decreases as the disorder increases. In addition the shape of the DOS has a significance effect on the charge transport properties as a function of density which are clearly seen. On the other hand, for the same distribution width and at low carrier density, the change occurred on the conductivity and mobility for a Gaussian DOS is more pronounced than that for the exponential DOS.   

Using van Hove singularities of the two-phonon density of states to investigate the intrinsically localized vibrations of NaI crystal.

Intrinsically Localized Modes (ILMs) have purportedly been observed in NaI but only for wave-vectors, q at the corner of the 3-D Brillouin Zone. It has been suggested that, for high-symmetry q vectors, several van Hove singularities may converge at one frequency producing a large peak in the two-phonon density of state and giving rise to ILMs with these q values. We fit the experimentally determined acoustic and the optic phonon modes using a nearest neighbor and a next-nearest neighbor force constant. We find that the two-phonon density of states, for fixed q exhibits non-divergent van Hove singularities. The frequencies of these features are found to vary as q is varied. We intend to search for q values at which the two-phonon density of states is enhanced and then examine whether the anharmonic interactions can bind the two-phonon excitations to produce a quantized ILM.   

A Time Decomposition Method to Space-Time Finite Elements for the Dirac Equation

Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation that describes spin-1/2 massive particles such as electrons and quarks. Furthermore, this system can be extended with different physical aspects such as electromagnetic interaction. However, most of these system cannot be solved analytically. Therefore, numerical simulations are required to understand the nature of these systems. In this work, we examine the behavior of the gauge free, low-mass regime Dirac equation using space-time finite elements with time decomposition method. The purpose of this research is to present a new computational way for stable parallelizable algorithm of the physical system. We discretize space and time together for the entire domain using a finite element space which does not separate time and space basis functions. We also explore the effectiveness of the time decomposition preconditioner, time-additive Schwarz preconditioner with KSP (Krylov Subspace Methods) solvers for this problem.~   

Commercial associative memory performance for applications in track-based triggers at the Large Hadron Collider

Dense track environments in $pp$ collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) motivate the use of triggers with dedicated hardware for fast track reconstruction. The ATLAS Collaboration is in the process of implementing a Fast Tracker (FTK) trigger upgrade, in which Content Addressable Memories (CAMs) will be used to rapidly match hit patterns with large banks of simulated tracks. The FTK CAMs are produced primarily at the University of Pisa. However, commercial CAM technology is rapidly developing due to applications in computer networking devices. This poster presents new studies comparing FTK CAMs to cutting-edge ternary CAMs developed by Cavium. The comparison is intended to guide the design of future track-based trigger systems for the next Phase at the LHC.   

Calculating Speed of Sound

Sound is an emerging source of renewable energy but it has some limitations. The main limitation is, the amount of energy that can be extracted from sound is very less and that is because of the velocity of the sound. The velocity of sound changes as per medium. If we could increase the velocity of the sound in a medium we would be probably able to extract more amount of energy from sound and will be able to transfer it at a higher rate. To increase the velocity of sound we should know the speed of sound. If we go by the theory of classic mechanics speed is the distance travelled by a particle divided by time whereas velocity is the displacement of particle divided by time. The speed of sound in dry~\underline {air}~at 20~\textdegree C (68~\textdegree F) is considered to be 343.2 meters per second and it won't be wrong in saying that 342.2 meters is the velocity of sound not the speed as it's the displacement of the sound not the total distance sound wave covered. Sound travels in the form of mechanical wave, so while calculating the speed of sound the whole path of wave should be considered not just the distance traveled by sound. In this paper I would like to focus on calculating the actual speed of sound wave which can help us to extract more energy and make sound travel with faster velocity.   

Search for Invisible Decays of Dark Photons and Low Mass Higgs Bosons at BaBar

The BaBar detector at the PEP-II asymmetric B-Factory collected a large dataset of e$^{+}$e$^{-\, }$collisions at the center-of-mass energies near Upsilon mesons. We use the BaBar dataset recorded in 2007-2008 to search for events that produce a high energy photon and no other visible decay products. Such invisible decays may occur through the process $\Upsilon \to \gamma $A, where Ais a light CP-odd Higgs scalar, or e$^{+}$e$^{-}\to \gamma $A$^{\prime }$, where A' is a Dark Photon vector particle. This search takes advantage ofa high energy single photon trigger, so that such events would be recorded despite the lack of visible charged tracks. We have tuned our selection on 10{\%}of the data collected with the single photon triggers. Our analysis uses machine learning techniques to enhance the selection efficiencies and suppress the backgrounds. For the final results, we apply our selection to the full data set of approximately 60 fb-1. We observed no significant signal, and set the upper limits on the branching ratio of $\Upsilon \to \gamma $A$^{\, }$and cross section of e$^{+}$e$^{-}\to \gamma $A$^{\prime }$. For the A' mode, our upper limits on the mixing strength parameter rule out the Dark Photon as an explanation for the a$_{\mu }$anomaly.   

Top quark decay width measurement with 13 TeV data

A direct bound on the top quark decay width is presented, obtained by analysing 12.9 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data collected at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The measurement is performed by partially reconstructing the kinematics of top quark candidates from final states containing at least two charged leptons (electrons or muons) and at least one jet identified as stemming from the fragmentation and hadronization of a b quark. The observable is compared to the simulated expectations for different top quark width scenarios using a likelihood technique. Under the hypothesis of a standard model-like top quark the measurement yields limits at the 95\% CL of $0.80 \leq \Gamma_t \leq 2.4$ GeV, with an expected limit at $0.82 \leq \Gamma_t \leq 2.0$ GeV for $m_t=172.5$ GeV.   

Entanglement Elimination Before Particle Detections of the Entangled Particles

An experiment has been proposed that should demonstrate entanglement elimination before photon detections are made in the case where the idler photon provides which way information to the paired signal photon and the idler photon is destroyed at the fixed black micropost located at the crossroads of the two possible idler photon paths before the signal photon reaches its detection screen.~ The expected result is interference in the signal photon intensity distribution without any correlation between detection events for the paired signal and idler photons. The fixed micropost does not allow for any ``record'' of a momentum transfer between the idler photon and the fixed micropost when the idler photon impacts the fixed micropost. If unexpectedly, a which way pattern in the signal photon intensity distribution is obtained instead of interference, then we would have a case where a signal photon is still affected by the paired idler photon even though the idler photon has already been destroyed and the entanglement eliminated. Given the break in logic underlying the second possibility (where somehow the destroyed idler photon still provides which-way information to the paired signal photon), the latter result (which-way intensity distribution for the signal photons) is more unlikely than an interference intensity distribution for the signal photons.   

A New Formalism for Quantifying Character of Vibrational Modes in Solids: Distinguishing Between Propagons, Diffusons and Locons

The solutions to the equations of motions for the atoms in homogenous crystalline solids result in plane wave modulated velocity fields for the normal modes of vibration. However, when a system lacks periodicity, either compositional or structural, the normal modes of vibration can still be determined, but the solutions take on different characters and many modes may be non-plane wave modulated. Previous work has classified the types of vibrations into three primary categories, namely propagons, diffusons and locons. Localized modes can be distinguished by calculation of participation ratio while distinguishing between propagons and diffusons is challenging because both are spatially delocalized. We present a new method that quantifies the extent to which a mode's character corresponds to a propagating mode, e.g., with a plane wave modulation. This then allows for clear and quantitative distinctions between propagons and diffusons. By resolving this issue quantitatively, one can now automate the classification of modes for any arbitrary structure subject to a single constraint that the atoms must vibrate stably around their respective equilibrium sites.   

Analysis of a Concentrated Solar Thermophotovoltaic System with Thermal Energy Storage

We analyzed a high temperature concentrated solar thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system with thermal energy storage (TES), which is enabled by the potential usage of liquid metal as a high temperature heat transfer fluid. The system concept combines the great advantages of TES with the potential for low cost and high performance derived from photovoltaic cells fabricated on reusable substrates, with a high reflectivity back reflector for photon recycling. The TES makes the electricity produced dispatchable, and thus the system studied should be compared to technologies such as concentrated solar power (CSP) with TES (e.g., using a turbine) or PV with electrochemical batteries, instead of direct and intermittent electricity generation from flat plate PV alone. Thus, the addition of TES places the system in a different class than has previously been considered and based on the model results, appears worthy of increased attention. The system level analysis presented identifies important cell level parameters that have the greatest impact on the overall system performance, and as a result can help to set the priorities for future TPV cell development.   

Understanding student use of mathematics in IPLS with the Math Epistemic Games Survey

We present the Math Epistemic Games Survey (MEGS), a new concept inventory on the use of mathematics in introductory physics for the life sciences. The survey asks questions that are often best-answered via techniques commonly-valued in physics instruction, including dimensional analysis, checking special or extreme cases, understanding scaling relationships, interpreting graphical representations, estimation, and mapping symbols onto physical meaning. MEGS questions are often rooted in quantitative biology. We present preliminary data on the validation and administration of the MEGS in a large, introductory physics for the life sciences course at the University of Maryland, as well as preliminary results on the clustering of questions and responses as a guide to student resource activation in problem solving.   

Morphological and Chemical Analysis Of Degraded Single Junction Amorphous Silicon Module.

Photovoltaic solar modules have different defects and degradation characteristic modes. These defects/degradation modes normally heats up some regions in the PV module, depending on the degree and size of the localised heat or hot spot, the localized heat can rise above the temperature limit of the module thereby cause damage to the structural orientation. The presence of severe defect and degradation correlates with high temperature gradients that usually results in morphological damage especially under outdoor conditions. The present study investigates the effect of defect/degradation on the surface morphology of the single junction amorphous silicon modules (a-Si:H) during outdoor deployment. The observed structural damage was analysed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) to ascertain the elemental composition. Results show huge discrepancies in the chemical composition constitute alone different regions. The presence of high concentration of carbon and oxygen was found in the affected region.   

A Discontinuous Galerkin Method Compatible with the BSSN Formulation of the Einstein Equations

The BSSN formulation of the Einstein equations has repeatedly demonstrated its robustness. The formulation is not only stable but allows for puncture-type evolutions of black hole systems. Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element (DGFE) methods offer a mathematically beautiful, computationally efficient, and highly parallelizable way to solve hyperbolic PDEs. These properties make them highly desirable for numerical relativity. To-date no one has been able to solve the full (3+1)-dimensional BSSN equations using DGFE methods. This is partly because DGFE discretization often occurs at the level of the equations, not the derivative operator, and partly because DGFE methods are traditionally formulated for manifestly flux-conservative systems. By discretizing the derivative operator, we generalize a particular flavor of DGFE methods, Local DG methods, to solve arbitrary second-order hyperbolic equations. This generalization allows us to solve the BSSN equations.   

A New Theory of the Electromagnetic Field

This author has previously introduced a new theory of the Electromagnetic Field and its interaction with matter. There was from the start a problem with Einstein's formulation of Invariants and its use in describing The EM field. The photon produced by first varying a stationary Electric field in one observer's reference frame is not the same as a photon produced from varying the a stationary Magnetic Field. The Magnetic field photon is thought of as being "off the mass shell". The Quantum information seems to carry with it an ordering of these events. You see this ordering in Wick's theory and in Feynman diagrams. This author is proposing that other fields can vary first in another Observers reference frame, not just the "Scalar Field" or the "Fermion Field", but many other forms of Energy. If the "Nuclear Field" varies first, it results in Quantum information that produces a photon that has the Nuclear Field in it and also the Magnetic Field, this is the strange effect seen in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. This author proposed that there is a large number of photons with different properties, because of this ordering of events that occurs in Quantum Information. One of these photons is the Neutrino which appears to be a three field photon. This is Kriske's Field Theory.   

Installing a Milli-charge Particle Detector at LHC P5

Our collaboration has proposed a dedicated experiment that would detect ``milli-charged'' particles produced in pp collisions. The experiment, which would be a plastic scintillator array subdivided into three sections, should be sensitive to charges of order ${10}^{-3}e$ for mass of order 1 GeV and charges of order ${10}^{-2}e$ for mass of order $10\thinspace $ GeV with $300$ fb$^{\mathrm{-1\thinspace }}$of integrated luminosity. This greatly extends the parameter space explored for small mass charges above 100 MeV.