Session F1: Welcome Reception and Poster Session I

Dynamics of Moving bodies

``A problem with defining force as rate of change of linear momentum'': Let us consider a body of mass m, moving with velocity u initially, in the next time interval it is acted by a force in the direction of motion, and at instant t$+$ its mass is M and velocity v. F$\cdot $t$=$Mv-mu or,v$=$ m/M.u$+$F/M.t or,v$=$B.u$+$A.t where A$=$F/M,B$=$m/M. So other eqn of motion are: dS$=$vdt or dS$=$(B.u$+$A.t)dt or S$=$B.u.t$+$A/2.t\textasciicircum 2 Andv\textasciicircum 2$=$B\textasciicircum 2 u\textasciicircum 2$+$2A$\cdot $B$\cdot $u$\cdot $t$+$A\textasciicircum 2 t\textasciicircum 2 or,v\textasciicircum 2$=$B\textasciicircum 2 u\textasciicircum 2$+$2A.S However, defining acceleration as rate of change of velocity, we have established an identity v$=$u$+$a.t which is independent of choice of v, u. M\textgreater \textgreater m, B is very small, product B.u or its higher power always tend to be negligible, even in cases when u is finitely large.In cases v$\to $c,F,M$\to \infty $, thus A becomes indeterminate.There is inconvenience as A, B are not predetermined and are functions of u, v and thus the definition goes in circle. Hence we conclude, our hypothesis that force$=$rate of change of linear momentum is not sufficient; we would now find trial solutions to define force in most convenient way.   

Improving Light Collection Efficiency in HAWC Detector Tanks

The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory was designed to detect air showers produced by gamma-rays and cosmic-rays between 100 GeV and 100 TeV. The detector is composed of 300 water tanks with four photomultipliers (PMTs) located at the bottom of each tank. When charged particles from air showers enter the tanks, the Cherenkov light produced by the particles is detected by the PMTs. However, much of the Cherenkov light is lost due to the small collection areas of the PMTs. To increase the collection area of the photosensors, we investigate light collectors composed of wavelength-shifting fibers. We have constructed a simple concentrator in the lab using two silicon photomultipliers and 1 mm optical fibers coated with a wavelength-shifting layer, and simulated the response of the setup using PVTrace, a Python package designed to raytrace photons in luminescent concentrators. We compare our simulations to results obtained in the laboratory and find that the concentration gain of the fiber system scales linearly with the number of fibers.   

Investigating the Effects of Grid Resolution of WRF Model for Simulating the Atmosphere for use in the Study of Wake Turbulence

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a nested-grid, mesoscale numerical weather prediction system maintained by the Developmental Testbed Center. The model simulates the atmosphere by integrating partial differential equations, which use the conservation of horizontal momentum, conservation of thermal energy, and conservation of mass along with the ideal gas law. This research investigated the possible use of WRF in investigating the effects of weather on wing tip wake turbulence. This poster shows the results of an investigation into the accuracy of WRF using different grid resolutions. Several atmospheric conditions were modeled using different grid resolutions. In general, the higher the grid resolution, the better the simulation, but the longer the model run time. This research was supported by Dr. Manuel A. Rios, Ph.D. (FAA) and the grant``A Pilot Project to Investigate Wake Vortex Patterns and Weather Patterns at the Atlantic City Airport by the Richard Stockton College of NJ and the FAA''(13-G-006).   

Photoacoustic Effect of Ethene: Sound Generation due to Plant Hormone Gases.

Ethene, which is produced in plants as they mature, was used to study its photoacoustic properties using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Detection of trace amounts, with N2 gas, of the ethylene gas were also applied. The gas was tested in various conditions: temperature, concentration of the gas, gas cell length, and power of the laser, were varied to determine their effect on the photoacoustic signal, the ideal conditions to detect trace gas amounts, and concentration of ethylene produced by an avocado and banana. A detection limit of 10 ppm was determined for pure C2H4. A detection of 5{\%} and 13{\%} (by volume) concentration of ethylene were produced for a ripening avocado and banana, respectively, in closed space.   

Abundances in Astrophysical Environments: Reaction Network Simulations with Reaction Rates from Many-nucleon Modeling

We use the ab initio (first-principle) symmetry-adapted no-core shell model (SA-NCSM) to calculate reaction rates of significance to type I X-ray burst nucleosynthesis. We consider the $^{\mathrm{18}}$O(p,$\gamma )^{\mathrm{19}}$F reaction, which may influence the production of fluorine, as well as the $^{\mathrm{16}}$O($\alpha $,$\gamma )^{\mathrm{20}}$Ne reaction, which is key to understanding the production of heavier elements in the universe. Results are compared to those obtained in the no-core sympletic shell model (NCSpM) with a schematic interaction. We discuss how these reaction rates affect the relevant elemental abundances.   

Anisotropic Differential Reflectance Spectroscopy of Thin GeSe

Atomically thin monochalcogenides are predicted to exhibit a two-dimensional structural phase transition. This phase transition could be useful for designing new phase change memory devices. The critical temperature is dependent on the material as well as the thickness, and is predicted to occur just above room temperature for monolayer GeSe. We used differential reflectance spectroscopy on thin samples of GeSe to measure changes in the optical anisotropy with temperature as a signature of this phase transition. We constructed an apparatus for temperature-depedendent spectroscopy of micro-scale GeSe samples, and measured anisotropic optical absorption of thin GeSe. We observed a decrease in optical anisotropy of GeSe at elevated temperatures, which may be a first indication of the continuous transition from a rectangular to a square lattice in that material. This work was supported by NSF REU Grant {\#}EEC-1359306.   

Brachytherapy optimization using radiobiological-based planning for high dose rate and permanent implants for prostate cancer treatment

We discuss an improvement in brachytherapy—a prostate cancer treatment method that directly places radioactive seeds inside target cancerous regions—by optimizing the current standard for delivering dose. Currently, the seeds’ spatiotemporal placement is determined by optimizing the dose based on a set of physical, user-defined constraints. One particular approach is the “inverse planning” algorithms that allow for tightly fit isodose lines around the target volumes in order to reduce dose to the patient’s organs at risk. However, these dose distributions are typically computed assuming the same biological response to radiation for different types of tissues. In our work, we consider radiobiological parameters to account for the differences in the individual sensitivities and responses to radiation for tissues surrounding the target. Among the benefits are a more accurate toxicity rate and more coverage to target regions for planning high-dose-rate treatments as well as permanent implants.   

War Induced Aerosol Optical, Microphysical and Radiative Effects

The effect of war on air pollution and climate is assessed in this communication. War today in respect of civil wars and armed conflict in the Middle East area is taken into consideration. Impacts of war are not only in loss of human life and property, but also in the environment. It is well known that war effects air pollution and in the long run contribute to anthropogenic climate change, but general studies on this subject are few because of the difficulties of observations involved. In the current scenario of the ongoing conflict in the Middle East regions, deductions in parameters of atmosphere are discussed. Aerosol Optical Depth, Aerosol loads, Black Carbon, Ozone,Dust, regional haze and many more are analyzed using various satellite data. Multi-model analysis is also studied to verify the analysis. Type segregation of aerosols, in-depth constraints to atmospheric chemistry, biological effects and particularly atmospheric physics in terms of radiative forcing, etc. are discussed.   

Magnetic Enhancements to Dark Matter Annihilation

The rate of dark matter annihilation should be greatest where the dark matter density is maximal. This is typically in the gravity wells of large stars where it also happens to be true that magnetic fields can be very large. In this poster we present an examination of how these intense magnetic fields can alter the cross section for dark matter annihilation into electron-positron pairs. We work within the framework of the minimally supersymmetric extension to the Standard Model (MSSM), and we choose its lightest neutralino as our dark matter candidate. Within this theory, dark matter can annihilate into many different final-state particles through several channels. We restrict our analysis to an electron-positron pair final state because of the low mass and reasonable detection signature. Since strong magnetic fields change how momentum is conserved for charged particles, this calculation investigates the relationship between the annihilation cross section and the electron's and positron's landau level.   

Testing a Prototype for a New Cosmic Ray Particle Detector at the South Pole

Cosmic ray research has grown rapidly in the past century, often using vacuum photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to analyze the light produced by high-energy particles passing through scintillating material. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are now being recognized as a more efficient alternative to PMTs. Different types of photon events have been characterized using a SensL brand SiPM in combination with a QuarkNet Data Acquisition board. The goal of this study is to test the viability of the SiPM for a new generation surface detector at the South Pole.   

Calibration of High Precision Robot Arm for the Crafting of Magnets for Use in Neutron Experiments

The magnetic scalar potential can be used to design precision magnetic fields with surface currents in arbitrary geometry. We are using this technique to design holding field coils for spin transport of neutrons and 3He atoms into the measurement cell of the SNS EDM experiment. We construct holding field coils as three-dimensional printed circuits boards using a Staubli RX130 6-axis industrial robotic arm to etch the circuit. While the arm has a 35-micron repeatability position, the absolute accuracy depends on calibration of transformation matrices between each link, characterized by Denavit-Hartenberg parameters. After factors such as coordinate system degeneracies and free parameters are taken into account, there are 29 parameters that must be calibrated. The robot model, calibration method, and results are presented in this poster.   

Novel Tests of Gravity Below Fifty Microns

Theories which attempt to unify the Standard Model and General Relativity often include features which violate the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) and gravitational Inverse-Square Law (ISL). A violation of either the WEP or ISL at any length scale would bring into question our fundamental understanding of gravity. Motivated by these considerations, undergraduates and faculty at Humboldt State University are building an experiment to probe gravitational interactions below the 50-micron length scale. The experiment employs a torsion pendulum with equal masses of different material arranged as a ``composition dipole.'' We measure the twist of the torsion pendulum as an attractor mass is oscillated nearby in a parallel-plate configuration, providing a time varying torque on the pendulum. The size and distance dependence of the torque variation will provide a means to determine any deviation from the WEP or ISL at untested scales.   

Hybrid Shielding for Magnetic Fields

Precision symmetry measurements such as the search for the electric dipole moment of the neutron require magnetic shielding rooms to reduce the ambient field to the pT scale. The massive mu-metal sheets and large separation between layers make these shield rooms bulky and expensive. Active field cancellation systems used to reduce the surrounding field are limited in uniformity of cancellation. A novel approach to reducing the space between shield layers and increasing the effectiveness of active cancellation is to combine the two systems into a hybrid system, with active and passive layers interspersed. We demonstrate this idea in a prototype with an active layer sandwiched between two passive layers of shielding.   

The CLAS12 Forward Tagger Detector at Jefferson Lab

The CLAS12-Forward Tagger is designed to detect electrons produced by the interaction of CEBAF 11 GeV electron beam with the target. This detector is composed by an electromagnetic calorimeter (FT-Cal), based on lead tungstate scintillating crystals, a hodoscope (FT-Hodo), based on plastic scintillator tiles and two layers of Micromegas trackers (FT-Trck). The Forward Tagger is designed to measure electrons scattered between 2.5 and 5 degrees. Before the installation in the Hall-B of Jefferson Lab, the FT has been assembled in laboratory and is currently tested with cosmic rays. The calorimeter response is being measured to perform the energy calibration of the system. Cosmic rays crossing the calorimeter crystals release on average a fixed amount of energy that can be used to determine the absolute calibration of the system. The stability of system response can be monitored by studying the variation of calibration constants as a function of time. The results obtained in a few weeks of operation indicates that the energy response of the calorimeter is consistent with expectations and does not show significant time dependence.   

A New Metric For Triple-Slit Tests of Born's Rule

Born’s rule provides the critical link between theory and experiment in quantum mechanics, the physics of the smallest scales. Experiments to explicitly test this rule began only recently [Sinha et al., Science 329, 418 (2010)]. Born's rule states that quantum paths interfere only in pairs. This means that the diffraction pattern produced by photons from a coherent source of light incident on 3 open slits is a combination of single slit diffraction and double slit interference. According to Born's rule, there is no higher order interference term. These 3-slit experiments can calculate the Sorkin parameter that characterizes the degree of agreement between Born's rule and their results. Our previous work [Gagnon et al., PRA 90, 013832 (2014)] demonstrates that the normalization scheme used to calculate the Sorkin parameter in those 3-slit experiments is very sensitive to experimental conditions, limiting the impact of the results. In this work, we explore new normalization schemes in order to find one that is more independent of the experimental setup.   

Automated Approaches to RFI Flagging

It is known that Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is a major issue in centimeter wavelength radio astronomy. Radio astronomy software packages include tools to excise RFI; both manual and automated utilizing the visibilities (the uv data). Here we present results on an automated RFI flagging approach that utilizes a uv-grid, which is the intermediate product when converting uv data points to an image. It is a well known fact that any signal that appears widespread in a given domain (e.g., image domain) is compact in the Fourier domain (uv-grid domain), i.e., RFI sources that appear as large scale structures (e.g., stripes) in images can be located and flagged using the uv-grid data set. We developed several automated uv-grid based flagging algorithms to detect and excise RFI. These algorithms will be discussed, and results of applying them to measurement sets will be presented.   

Computer Simulations for Top Flavor-changing Neutral Higgs Interactions

Two-Higgs-doublet models (2HDM) are natural extensions to the Standard Model (SM), and a general 2HDM allows tree-level flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNC). We choose this model for our analysis. Since the top quark is heavier than the light Higgs, $t \to ch$ is kinematically possible, and a $tch$ coupling is an accessible example of an FCNC. We look to FCNCs to study physics beyond the Standard Model, and, more specifically, to examine the potential for discovery of a flavor-changing neutral Higgs (FCNH) interaction at the LHC. We examine the discovery potential for the processes $pp \to th \to bjjWW \to bjjl\nu l\nu+X$ and $pp \to t\overline{t} \to bjjcWW+X$, using MadGraph to generate parton level calculations, Pythia for showering and hadronization, and Delphes for detector simulation. We use ROOT analysis to reconstruct the transverse mass $m_T(ll,\cancel{\it{E}}_{T})$. We examine these processes and present event rates and significance of the Higgs signal, including SM physics background with realistic acceptance cuts for $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV and $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV.   

Scintillating Bolometer Monte Carlo for Rare Particle Event Searches

This study uses the Geant4 physics simulation toolkit to characterize various scintillating bolometer constructions for potential experimental commissioning. Emphasis is placed on detector sensitivity to neutrinoless double-beta decay. Constructions minimally include a scintillating source material for the decay and an absorber material. Tellurium, Selenium, Germanium and other candidate isotopes are studied as source materials. Various background discrimination techniques are analyzed including reflective housings and anti-reflective coatings upon the source material. Different geometric optimizations are considered. Ability to discriminate incident alpha and beta radiation, as well as photon detection efficiency for each construction is presented.   

Improved input for multi-reaction hadronic analyses from elastic pion-nucleon scattering

In the search for missing baryonic resonances, many analyses include data from a variety of pion and photon induced reactions. For elastic $\pi N$ scattering, however, usually the partial waves of the SAID or other groups are fitted, instead of data. We provide the partial-wave covariance matrices needed to perform correlated $\chi^2$ fits, in which the obtained $\chi^2$ equals the actual $\chi^2$ up to non-linear and normalization corrections. For any analysis relying on partial waves extracted from elastic pion scattering, this is a prerequisite to assess the significance of resonance signals and to assign any uncertainty on results. The compilation of the necessary data to improve hadronic analyses is presented in detail.   

Expanding the HAWC Observatory

To increase the effective area and sensitivity of the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory to gamma-ray photons with energies higher than 10 TeV, we are building 350 smaller outrigger tanks around the main array of 300 existing tanks. HAWC detects cascades of charged particles (“extensive air showers”) created by TeV gamma rays hitting the atmosphere. Increasing the size of the array will improve the sensitivity of the array by a factor of 2 to 4 above 10 TeV, allowing for more accurate gamma-ray origin reconstruction and energy estimation. Building the outrigger array requires carefully calibrated equipment, including PMTs and high voltage signal cables of the correct length. Origin reconstruction relies on precise signal timing, so the signal cables’ lengths were standardized so that the signal transit time varied by less than 5 ns. Energy estimation depends on accurate photon counts from each tank, so the PMTs were calibrated with a laser and filter wheels to give the PMTs a known amount of light.   

Examining Student Attitudes in Introductory Physics via the Math Attitude and Expectations Survey (MAX)

Student often face difficulties with using math in science, and this exploratory project seeks to address the underlying mechanisms that lead to these difficulties. This mixed-methods project includes the creation of two novel assessment surveys, the Mathematical Epistemic Games Survey (MEGS) and the Math Attitude and Expectations Survey (MAX). The MAX, a 30-question Likert-scale survey, focuses on the attitudes towards using mathematics of the students in a reformed introductory physics course for the life sciences (IPLS) which is part of the National Experiment in Undergraduate Education (NEXUS/Physics) developed at the University of Maryland (UMD). Preliminary results from the MAX are discussed with specific attention given to students' attitudes towards math and physics, opinions about interdisciplinarity, and the usefulness of physics in academic settings as well as in professional biological research and modern medicine settings.   

Network analysis of physics discussion forums and links to course success

Large introductory science courses tend to isolate students, with negative consequences for long-term retention in college. Many active learning courses build collaboration and community among students as an explicit goal, and social network analysis has been used to track the development and beneficial effects of these collaborations. Here we supplement such work by conducting network analysis of online course discussion forums in two semesters of an introductory physics class. Online forums provide a tool for engaging students with each other outside of class, and offer new opportunities to commuter or non-traditional students with limited on-campus time. We look for correlations between position in the forum network (centrality) and final course grades. Preliminary investigation has shown weak correlations in the very dense full-semester network, so we will consider reduced "backbone" networks that highlight the most consistent links between students. Future work and implications for instruction will also be discussed.   

Uncovering introductory astronomy students' conceptual modules of lunar phases

Brewe, Bruun and Bearden developed Module Analysis of Multiple Choice Responses (MAMCR) methodology for using network analysis to uncover the underlying conceptual modules of student performance on multiple-choice assessments. The Lunar Phases Concept Inventory (LPCI) assesses students understanding of lunar phases across 8 separate dimensions of understanding based on the results of a detailed qualitative phenomenology of college students' understanding of lunar phases. Unlike many concept inventories, the LPCI has multiple items for each dimension of understanding and each response corresponds to either the scientifically correct answer or to an alternative idea uncovered from the qualitative investigation. In this study, we have combined MAMCR with the database of nearly 2000 LPCI pre-test results. We will report on the preliminary different conceptual modules of lunar phases and the relationship of these modules to previous qualitative research.   

Ego Network Analysis of Upper Division Physics Student Survey

We present the analysis of student networks derived from a survey of upper division physics students. Ego networks focus on the connections that center on one person (the ego). The ego networks in this talk come from a survey that is part of an overall project focused on understanding student retention and persistence. The theory underlying this work is that social and academic integration are essential components to supporting students continued enrollment and ultimately graduation. This work uses network analysis as a way to investigate the role of social and academic interactions in retention and persistence decisions. We focus on student interactions with peers, on mentoring interactions with physics department faculty, and on engagement in physics groups and how they influence persistence. Our results, which are preliminary, will help frame the ongoing research project and identify ways in which departments can support students.   

Network Analysis of Students' Representation Use in Mechanics and E\&M

In this study, we analyzed the representational tools that students in the Modeling Instruction – Introductory E\&M (MI–E\&M) course use on introductory physics problems. Representational competence is a critical skill needed for students to develop and communicate a sophisticated understanding of science topics, particularly in physics where multiple representations are often used within a single problem. The Modeling Instruction curriculum highlights representation development as a part of the modeling process, making the MI-E\&M course a rich context to collect data. In the Spring 2015 and Spring 2016 semesters, over 150 students total (from 3 sections of MI–E\&M) were given a survey of 25 physics problem statements both pre- and post- instruction, covering both Newtonian Mechanics and Electricity and Magnetism (E\&M), and asked which representations they would use in that given situation. Using network analysis, we compare how students use representations in Mechanics and E\&M contexts.   

Comparison of Exams for Active Learning Technologies vs. Traditional Lectures

George Mason University has first semester (PHYS-160) and second semester (PHYS-260) physics course which consist of two sections. One is a traditional lecture style format (TRAD) and the other is a newer format which is a take on the “flipped” classroom. This newer style is referred to as Active Learning with Technologies (ALT). This course style has been in place for several years and has been studied before within George Mason University for final grade differences. These studies suggested that the ALT sections performed better, but grade weighting consistency, test time, and test content were not strictly controlled. The purpose of this study is to cross-examine the performance of students in these different class formats during Fall 2016 (PHYS-260) and Spring 2015 (PHYS-160) on very nearly identical exams over identical test times while controlling for almost every variable.   

Dynamics of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics

We show that the wavefunction of an electron interacting with an electric potential is accurately represented by the superposition of plane waves that fulfills the total energy relation. As a result, we explicitly derive the Schr\"{o}dinger, Pauli, Klein-Gordon, and Dirac equations. While the traditional nonrelativistic quantum dynamics is based on postulates, the dynamics we introduce is theoretically justified, in agreement with experimental measurements, and consistent with the fundamental theory of quantum electrodynamics.   

Soviet Accelerating and Storage Complex (UNK)

During 1980s and 1990s a proton-proton collider named the Accelerating and Storage Complex (UNK) was under construction in the Soviet Union and then in Russia. The collider was supposed to be built in a 21 km long underground tunnel at the site of Institute for High Energy Physics in Protvino. With a design collision energy of 6 TeV and a luminosity of 4 x 10$^{34}$ cm$^{-1}$s$^{-1}$, the UNK was planned to be become a primary energy frontier facility to further expand national high energy physics program, as well as to strengthen global scientific outreach and collaborations. The UNK was to be realized in 3 rings. The first ring, built from conventional magnets, was planned to be used for fixed target experiments with proton beam energies up to 600 GeV, and as an injector to the second and the third rings. The second and the third superconducting magnet rings were designed for either 3 TeV beam energy fixed target experiments or 6 TeV collider experiments. The top magnetic field of 1 T of the first ring was to be supplied by 2196 dipoles and 503 quadrupoles. Each of the second and the third superconducting rings would have needed 2192 dipoles and 474 quadrupoles to reach the top field of 5 T. ``Neptun'' experiment was supposed to be a centerpiece of the initial physics program at the UNK. 1560 conventional dipoles and 473 conventional quadrupoles were fabricated as a part of the first ring infrastructure. Several test versions of the superconducting magnets were produced, as well. While the tunnel and a proton injection line were completed by 1995, the reduction of Russian federal funding for high energy physics halted the project at the end of 1990s.   

On the Correct Formulation of the Law of the External Photoelectric Effect

The critical and correct scientific analysis of the generally accepted theory of the external photoelectric effect is proposed. The methodological basis for the analysis is the unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics. It is shown that Einstein's formulation of the law of the photoelectric effect is not free from the following objection. The terms of Einstein's formula characterize the quantitative determinacy (i.e., energy) which belongs and is related to the different material objects: ``photon'', ``electron in metal'', and ``electron not in metal''. This signifies that Einstein's formula represents violation of the formal-logical laws of identity and absence (lack) of contradiction. The correct mathematical formulation of the law of the external photoelectric effect within the framework of the system approach is proposed. The correct formulation represents the proportion by relative increments of the energy of the incident photon and the energy of the emitted electron. The proportion describes the linear relationship between the energy of the incident photon and the energy of the emitted electron.   

Absolute Calibration of the Magnetic Field Measurement for Muon g-2

The muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab (E989) investigates the >3-$\sigma$ discrepancy between the standard model prediction and the current experimental measurement of the muon magnetic moment anomaly, a$_{\mu}$ = (g-2)/2. The effort requires a precise measurement of the 1.45 T magnetic field of the muon storage ring to 70 ppb. The final measurement will employ multiple absolute calibration probes: two water probes and a $^{3}$He probe. The $^{3}$He probe offers a cross-check of the water probes with different systematic corrections, adding a level of confidence to the measurement. A low-field $^{3}$He probe was developed at the Univ. of Michigan by employing a method called MEOP for the hyper-polarization of $^{3}$He gas, followed by NMR to determine the frequency proportional to the magnetic field in which the probe is placed. A modified probe design for operation under high fields will be tested at Argonne National Lab. Future development also involves the study of the systematic uncertainties to attain the error budget of <30 ppb for the calibration. Next, the calibration from the probes will be transferred to g-2 through several steps of a calibration chain ending in the final step of calibrating the NMR probes which measure the field in the muon storage ring at Fermilab.   

Space-time Dependency of the Time and its Effect on the Relativistic Classical Equation of the String Theory

In special relativity theory, time dilates in velocity of near light speed. Also based on ``Substantial motion'' theory of Sadra, relative time (time flux); $R=f(mv,\sigma ,\tau )$, for each atom is momentum of its involved fundamental particles, which is different from the other atoms [Gholibeigian, APS 2015, abstract {\#}V1.023]. In this way, for modification of the relativistic classical equation of string theory and getting more precise results, we should use effect of dilation and contraction of time in equation. So we propose to add two derivatives of the time's flux to the equation as follows: n.t_{p} \frac{\partial R}{\partial \tau }+\frac{\partial^{2}X^{\mu }(\sigma ,\tau )}{\partial \tau^{2}}=n.t_{p} (\frac{\partial R}{\partial \sigma })+c^{2}\frac{\partial^{2}X^{\mu }(\sigma ,\tau )}{\partial \sigma^{2}} In which, $X^{\mu }$ is space-time coordinates of the string, $\sigma \& \tau $ are coordinates on the string world sheet, respectively space and time along the string, string's mass $m,$ velocity of string's motion$ v,$ factor$ n$ depends on geometry of each hidden extra dimension \quad which relates to its own flux time, and $t_{p} $ is Planck's time.   

Information as the Fifth Dimension of the Universe which Fundamental Particles (strings), Dark Matter/Energy and Space-time are Floating in it While they are Listening to its Whispering for Getting Order

Four animated sub-particles (sub-strings) as origin of the life and generator of momentum (vibration) of elementary particles (strings) are communicated for transferring information for processing and preparing fundamental particles for the next step [Gholibeigian, APS, 2015, abstract {\#}Ll.027]. It means that information may be a ``dimension'' of the nature which fundamental particles, dark matter/energy and space-time are floating in it and listening to its whispering and getting quantum information packages about their conditions and laws. So, communication of information which began before the spark to B.B. (Convection Bang), may be a ``Fundamental symmetry'' in the nature because leads other symmetries and supersymmetry as well as other phenomena. The processed information are always carried by fundamental particles as the preserved history and entropy of Universe. So, information wouldn't be destroyed, lost or released by black hole. But the involved fundamental particles of thermal radiation, electromagnetic and gravitational fields carry processed information during emitting from black hole, while they are communicated from fifth dimension for their new movement.   

Laser-Free Cold-Atom Gymnastics

We have performed beam transport simulations on ultra cold (2 $\mu$K) and cold (130 $\mu$K) neutral Cs atoms in the $F=M=+4$ (magnetic weak-field seeking) ground state. We use inhomogeneous magnetic fields to focus and accelerate the atoms. Acceleration of neutral atoms by an inhomogeneous magnetic field was demonstrated by Stern and Gerlach in 1922. In the simulations, a two mm diameter cloud of atoms is released to fall under gravity. A magnetic coil focuses the falling atoms. After falling 41 cm, the atoms are reflected in the magnetic fringe field of a solenoid. They return to their starting height, about 0.7 s later, having passed a second time through the focusing coil. The simulations show that $> 98\%$ of ultra cold Cs atoms and $> 70\%$ of cold Cs atoms will survive at least 15 round trips (assuming perfect vacuum). More than 100 simulations were run to optimize coil currents and focusing coil diameter and height. Simulations also show that atoms can be launched into a fountain. An experimental apparatus to test the simulations, is being constructed. This technique may find application in atomic fountain clocks, interferometers, and gravitometers, and may be adaptable for use in microgravity. It may also work with Bose-Einstein condensates of paramagnetic atoms.   

Construction of the Phase I Forward Pixel Detector

The silicon pixel detector is the innermost component of the CMS tracking system, providing high precision space point measurements of charged particle trajectories. The original CMS detector was designed for the nominal instantaneous LHC luminosity of 1 x $10^{34} cm^{-2} s^{-1}$. The LHC has already started to exceed this luminosity causing the CMS pixel detector to see a dynamic inefficiency caused by data losses due to buffer overflows. For this reason the CMS Collaboration has been building an upgraded pixel detector which is scheduled for installation during an extended year end technical stop during winter 2016/2017. The phase 1 upgrade includes four barrel layers and three forward disks, providing robust tracking and vertexing for LHC luminosities up to 2 x $10^{34} cm^{-2} s^{-1}$. The upgrade incorporates new readout chips, front-end electronics, DC-DC powering, and dual-phase $CO_2$ cooling to achieve performance exceeding that of the present detector with a lower material budget. This contribution will review the design and technology choices of the Phase I detector and discuss the status of the detector. The challenges and difficulties encountered during the construction will also be presented, as well as the lessons learned for future upgrades.