Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2016
Volume 61, Number 2
Monday–Friday, March 14–18, 2016; Baltimore, Maryland
Session E23: Metamaterial Devices and ApplicationsFocus
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Sponsoring Units: DMP Chair: Jeremy Munday, University of Maryland Room: 322 |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 8:00AM - 8:36AM |
E23.00001: Dielectric metasurfaces Invited Speaker: Jason Valentine While plasmonics metasurfaces have seen much development over the past several years, they still face throughput limitations due to ohmic losses. On the other hand, dielectric resonators and associated metasurfaces can eliminate the issue of ohmic loss while still providing the freedom to engineer the optical properties of the composite. In this talk, I will present our recent efforts to harness this freedom using metasurfaces formed from silicon and fabricated using CMOS-compatible techniques. Operating in the telecommunications band, I will discuss how we have used this platform to realize a number of novel functionalities including wavefront control, near-perfect reflection, and high quality factor resonances. In many cases the optical performance of these silicon-based metasurfaces can surpass their plasmonic counterparts. Furthermore, for some cases the surfaces are more amenable to large-area fabrication techniques. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 8:36AM - 8:48AM |
E23.00002: Reconfigurable Infrared Phased-Array Semiconductor Metasurfaces Jon Schuller The ability to engineer the scattering \textit{phase} of metamaterial constituents offers tremendous potential for constructing new classes of beam steering, shaping, and focusing technologies. Current methods for engineering phase rely on static geometry-based effects. In this talk we describe methods to \textit{dynamically} tune the scattering phase of infrared semiconductor nanoantennas. We fabricate spherical silicon and germanium nanoparticles via femtosecond laser ablation and demonstrate size-dependent multipolar resonances throughout the infrared frequency range. We experimentally demonstrate that the resonance frequencies shift with doping, according to simple Drude models of free-carrier refraction. Using a combination of theoretical and analytical calculations we show that dynamically tuning free-carrier concentration can enable reconfigurable optical antennas and metasurfaces. Such dynamic tuning will enable reconfigurable photonic devices based on optical antenna and metamaterial concepts. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 8:48AM - 9:00AM |
E23.00003: Electromechanical control of flat optical devices Tapashree Roy, Shuyan Zhang, Il Woong Jung, Federico Capasso, Daniel Lopez In the recent times flat optical elements, like lenses and beam deflectors, have come to the forefront of scientific research. These devices, also referred to as “metasurfaces”, use metal or dielectric resonators, arbitrarily spaced with subwavelength resolution on a two dimensional plane, to mimic the phase profile of any conventional bulk optical device and beyond. Such metasurface-based planar devices are compact and lightweight compared to their conventional bulky counterparts. However, most of these nanostructured devices have so far been passive. In this work we introduce an important concept of actively controlling these flat optical devices. A prototype: an electromechanically controlled plasmonic flat lens focusing mid infrared signal in reflection will be presented. The lens is fabricated on a ~2.8 micron thin membrane following photolithography processes and integrated with a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) device. When electrostatically actuated, the MEMS platform controls the mechanical tilt angle of the lens along two orthogonal axes by about 16 degrees that in turn controls the scanning of the focal spot. Such actively controlled miniaturized optical devices promise to provide faster, more efficient and often enhanced functionalities. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 9:00AM - 9:12AM |
E23.00004: Dynamic tuning of lattice plasmon lasers with long coherence characteristics Thang Hoang, Ankun Yang, George Schatz, Teri Odom, Maiken Mikkelsen Here, we experimentally demonstrate dynamic tuning of an optically-pumped lattice plasmon laser based on arrays of gold nanoparticles and liquid gain materials [A. Yang, T. B. Hoang et al., Nature Communications 6, 6939 (2015)]. The structure consists of an array of 120 nm diameter gold disks with a height of 50 nm and 600 nm spacing. A liquid gain material composed of IR-140 dye molecules dissolved in a variety of organic solvents is placed on top of the disks and held in place by a thin glass coverslip. At a lasing wavelength of 860 nm, time-resolved measurements show a dramatic reduction of the decay time from ~1 ns to less than 20 ps when the optical excitation power density increases from below to above the lasing threshold, indicating the transition from spontaneous to stimulated emission. By changing the dielectric environment surrounding the gold disks in real time, the lasing wavelength can be dynamically tuned over a 55 nm range. Finally, we will discuss recent experiments where we probe both the temporal and spatial coherence properties of the lattice plasmon laser. This advance of tunable plasmon lasers offer prospects to enhance and detect weak physical and chemical processes on the nanoscale in real time. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 9:12AM - 9:48AM |
E23.00005: Nanophotonic interactions between organic excitons and plasmonic metasurfaces Invited Speaker: Deirdre O’Carroll Thin-film organic semiconductor materials are emerging as energy-efficient, versatile alternatives to inorganic semiconductors for display and solid-state lighting applications. Additionally, thin-film organic laser and photovoltaic technologies, while not yet competitive with inorganic semiconductor-based analogues, can exhibit small device embodied energies (due to comparatively low temperature and low energy-use fabrication processes) which is of interest for reducing overall device cost. To improve energy conversion efficiency in thin-film organic optoelectronics, light management using nanophotonic structures is necessary. Here, our recent work on improving light trapping and light extraction in organic semiconductor thin films using nanostructured silver plasmonic metasurfaces will be presented [1,2]. Numerous optical phenomena, such as absorption induced scattering, out-of-plane waveguiding and morphology-dependent surface plasmon outcoupling, are identified due to exciton-plasmon coupling between the organic semiconductor and the metasurface. Ways in which these phenomena can be controlled and optimized for particular optoelectronic applications will be presented. Work done in collaboration with C. Petoukhoff and Z. Shen. [1] C. E. Petoukhoff, D. M. O'Carroll, Absorption-Induced Scattering and Surface Plasmon Out-Coupling from Absorber-Coated Plasmonic Metasurfaces. Nat. Commun. 6, 7899-1-13 (2015). [2] Z. Shen, D. M. O'Carroll, Nanoporous Silver Thin Films: Multifunctional Platforms for Influencing Chain Morphology and Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 3302-3313 (2015). [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 9:48AM - 10:00AM |
E23.00006: High sensitivity plasmonic sensor based on sharp cavities Michael J. Naughton, Juan M. Merlo, Chaobin Yang, Yitzi M. Calm, Michael J. Burns Surface plasmon resonance sensors have been demonstrated as among the most useful applications of the surface plasmon phenomena. SPR sensors are sensitive enough to detect low refractive index shifts, a critical factor in many biological applications [1]. We present a SPR sensor based on sharp cavities. An antipillar template is fabricated in PDMS and the resulting cavities are coated with a thin film of Ag. Optimization of the Ag film thickness allows one to tune and enhance the optical transmittance and response sensitivity. We also report that the proposed sensor demonstrates sensitivity at one, and likely several, orders of magnitude higher than the maximum sensitivity reported in the literature for different, similar, devices [2]. Numerical calculations show that the sensitivity is due to the strong confinement of localized plasmons inside the cavities, particularly at the sharpest ends. [1] S. Zeng, D. Baillargeat, H. P. Hod, K. T. Yong, Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 3426 (2014). [2] M. R. Gartia, A. Hsiao, A. Pokhriyal, S. Seo, G. Kulsharova, B. T. Cunningham, T. C. Bond, G. L. Liu. Adv. Opt. Mat., 1, 68 (2013). [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 10:00AM - 10:12AM |
E23.00007: An ultrathin invisibility skin cloak for visible light Zi Jing Wong, Xingjie Ni, Michael Mrejen, Yuan Wang, Xiang Zhang Metamaterial-based optical cloaks have thus far used volumetric distribution of the material properties to gradually bend light and thereby obscure the cloaked region. Hence, they are bulky and hard to scale up to macroscopic sizes. In addition, typical carpet cloaks introduce unnecessary phase shifts in the reflected light, making the cloaks detectable. Here, we demonstrate experimentally an ultrathin invisibility skin cloak wrapped over an object. This skin cloak conceals a three-dimensional arbitrarily shaped object by complete restoration of the phase of the reflected light at 730-nanometer wavelength. The skin cloak comprises a metasurface with distributed phase shifts rerouting light and rendering the object invisible. In contrast to bulky cloaks with volumetric index variation, our device is only 80 nanometer (about one-ninth of the wavelength) thick and potentially scalable to hide macroscopic objects. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 10:12AM - 10:24AM |
E23.00008: Fabrication of tunable infrared metamaterials using atomic calligraphy Jeremy Reeves, Thomas Stark, Lawrence Barrett, Richard Lally, David Bishop Metamaterials with dynamically variable spectral response to incident radiation through the use of a deformable substrate have so far been limited to the IR and longer wavelength regimes. Such materials, with unit cells a few to tens of microns across, can readily be fabricated using existing lithography techniques. Extending these metamaterials to shorter wavelengths and into the visible spectrum requires a proportional shrinking of the unit cell to be patterned over a large area. The reduced structure size leads to a strong reduction in the throughput of the chosen fabrication technique [1]. Here, we investigate the prospects for the use of atomic calligraphy [2] to pattern arbitrary infrared metamaterials with high throughput. Atomic calligraphy provides a scalable technique for the manufacture of metamaterials with high precision while allowing for writing on a variety of substrates, including deformable materials. We consider the electromagnetic response of these tunable materials and possibilities to develop metamaterials with resonances in the visible spectrum. \\[4pt] [1] M. Imboden, and D. Bishop, Physics Today \textbf{67}, 45 (2014) \\[0pt] [2] M. Imboden, et. al., Nano Lett. \textbf{13}, 3379 (2013) [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 10:24AM - 10:36AM |
E23.00009: Wireless transmission by plasmonic antennas Juan M Merlo, Yitzi M. Calm, Aaron H. Rose, Michael J. Burns, Michael J. Naughton Radio frequency (RF) communication is fundamental to many modern technologies. The idea of a simple rescaling of RF theory to the visible frequency range is not a direct issue [1,2], due in part to the finite conductivity in the optical range of commonly-used metals (e.g. Ag, Au). In this context, wireless communication using plasmonic antennas is a very recent concept with potential importance in an on-chip technology application. Here, we propose a plasmonic antenna system capable of wireless transmission-at-a-distance equivalent to at least four free-space wavelengths from the emitter. We demonstrate that it is possible to transmit information with maximum signal strength of -6.9 dB at three free-space wavelengths with a signal-to-noise ratio of -13 dB, good enough to be considered as an efficient wireless system. Theoretical calculations agree with our experimental results and open the possibility to future optimizations of the proposed plasmonic wireless system. [1] Y. Wang, K. Kempa, B. Kimball, J. B. Carlson, G. Benham, W. Z. Li, T. Kempa, J. Rybczynski, A. Herczynski, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2607 (2004). [2] L. Novotny, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 266802 (2007). [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 10:36AM - 10:48AM |
E23.00010: A Metamaterial-Inspired Approach to RF Energy Harvesting Clayton Fowler, Jiangfeng Zhou We demonstrate an RF energy harvesting rectenna design based on a metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA). With the embedded Schottky diodes, the rectenna converts captured RF energy to DC currents. The Fabry-Perot cavity resonance of the MPA greatly improves the amount of energy captured and hence improves the rectification efficiency. Furthermore, the FP resonance exhibits high Q-factor and significantly increases the voltage across the Schottky diodes. This leads to a factor of 16 improvement of RF-DC conversion efficiency at ambient intensity level. [Preview Abstract] |
Tuesday, March 15, 2016 10:48AM - 11:00AM |
E23.00011: Influences of the Mie resonance on reflectance spectra of Si nanopillar arrays with different wetting states Sujung Kim, Minji Gwon, Jiaqi Li, Xiumei Xu, Sun-Kyung Kim, Eunsongyi Lee, Dong-Wook Kim, Chang Chen The reflectance spectra of crystalline Si nanopillar (SiNP) arrays with various diameters were investigated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The spectra exhibited distinct features depending on the wetting states. The FDTD-simulated reflectance dips of the 40-nm-diameter SiNP array were in good agreement with those estimated from destructive interference conditions at the top and bottom of the SiNPs: the SiNP arrays and the surrounding medium were treated as one optically homogeneous medium with an effective permittivity estimated from the effective medium approximation (EMA) model. However, the dip positions of the simulated spectra for 70-, 100-, and 130-nm-diameter SiNP arrays deviated from the results of interference calculations, particularly for short wavelengths. The optical reflectance spectra were significantly affected by the strong diameter-dependent Mie resonances in SiNPs, which were sensitive to the refractive index of the surrounding medium (i.e., the wetting state). Optical reflectance measurements provide an easy and efficient means of inspecting the wetting behavior of nano-patterned surfaces. [Preview Abstract] |
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