Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2015
Volume 60, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 2–6, 2015; San Antonio, Texas
Session S18: Invited Session: Statistical Physics for Electric Grids |
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Sponsoring Units: GSNP Chair: Guido Caldarelli, IMT Alti Studi Lucca Room: Mission Room 103A |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 8:00AM - 8:36AM |
S18.00001: Realistic modeling and analysis of synchronization dynamics in power-grid networks Invited Speaker: Takashi Nishikawa An imperative condition for the functioning of a power-grid network is that its power generators remain synchronized. Disturbances can prompt desynchronization, which is a process that has been involved in large power outages. In this talk I will first give a comparative review of three leading models of synchronization in power-grid networks. Each of these models can be derived from first principles under a common framework and represents a power grid as a complex network of coupled second-order phase oscillators with both forcing and damping terms. Since these models require dynamical parameters that are unavailable in typical power-grid datasets, I will discuss an approach to estimate these parameters. The models will be used to show that if the network structure is not homogeneous, generators with identical parameters need to be treated as non-identical oscillators in general. For one of the models, which describes the dynamics of coupled generators through a network of effective interactions, I will derive a condition under which the desired synchronous state is stable. This condition gives rise to a methodology to specify parameter assignments that can enhance synchronization of any given network, which I will demonstrate for a selection of both test systems and real power grids. These parameter assignments can be realized through very fast control loops, and this may help devise new control schemes that offer an additional layer of protection, thus contributing to the development of smart grids that can recover from failures in real time. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 8:36AM - 9:12AM |
S18.00002: Complex Dynamics of the Power Transmission Grid (and other Critical Infrastructures) Invited Speaker: David Newman Our modern societies depend crucially on a web of complex critical infrastructures such as power transmission networks, communication systems, transportation networks and many others. These infrastructure systems display a great number of the characteristic properties of complex systems. Important among these characteristics, they exhibit infrequent large cascading failures that often obey a power law distribution in their probability versus size. This power law behavior suggests that conventional risk analysis does not apply to these systems. It is thought that much of this behavior comes from the dynamical evolution of the system as it ages, is repaired, upgraded, and as the operational rules evolve with human decision making playing an important role in the dynamics. In this talk, infrastructure systems as complex dynamical systems will be introduced and some of their properties explored. The majority of the talk will then be focused on the electric power transmission grid though many of the results can be easily applied to other infrastructures. General properties of the grid will be discussed and results from a dynamical complex systems power transmission model will be compared with real world data. Then we will look at a variety of uses of this type of model. As examples, we will discuss the impact of size and network homogeneity on the grid robustness, the change in risk of failure as generation mix (more distributed vs centralized for example) changes, as well as the effect of operational changes such as the changing the operational risk aversion or grid upgrade strategies. One of the important outcomes from this work is the realization that ``improvements'' in the system components and operational efficiency do not always improve the system robustness, and can in fact greatly increase the risk, when measured as a risk of large failure. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 9:12AM - 9:48AM |
S18.00003: Self Healing Percolation Invited Speaker: Antonio Scala We introduce the concept of self-healing in the field of complex networks modelling; in particular, self-healing capabilities are implemented through distributed communication protocols that exploit redundant links to recover the connectivity of the system. Self-healing is a crucial in implementing the next generation of smart grids allowing to ensure a high quality of service to the users. We then map our self-healing procedure in a percolation problem and analyse the interplay between redundancies and topology in improving the resilience of networked infrastructures to multiple failures. We find exact results both for planar lattices and for random lattices, hinting the role of duality in the design of resilient networks. Finally, we introduce a cavity method approach to study the recovery of connectivity after damage in self-healing networks. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 5, 2015 9:48AM - 10:24AM |
S18.00004: Easily repairable networks Invited Speaker: Thomas Fink We introduce a simple class of distribution networks which withstand damage by being repairable instead of redundant. Instead of asking how hard it is to disconnect nodes through damage, we ask how easy it is to reconnect nodes after damage. We prove that optimal networks on regular lattices have an expected cost of reconnection proportional to the lattice length, and that such networks have exactly three levels of structural hierarchy. We extend our results to networks subject to repeated attacks, in which the repairs themselves must be repairable. We find that, in exchange for a modest increase in repair cost, such networks are able to withstand any number of attacks. [Preview Abstract] |
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