Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2013
Volume 58, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 18–22, 2013; Baltimore, Maryland
Session A20: Focus Session: Metamaterials |
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Sponsoring Units: DMP Chair: John Pendry, Imperial College London Room: 322 |
Monday, March 18, 2013 8:00AM - 8:12AM |
A20.00001: Symmetry Breaking and Optical Negative Index of Closed Nanorings Boubacar Kante, Yong-Shik Park, Kevin O'Brien, Daniel Shuldman, Norberto Daniel Lanzillotti-Kimura, Zi Jing Wong, Xiaobo Yin, Xiang Zhang We report the first experimental demonstration of broadband negative-index metamaterial made solely of closed metallic nanorings. Using symmetry breaking that negatively couples the discrete nanorings, we measured negative phase delay in our composite chess metamaterial. Our approach open avenues towards topological nanophotonics with on demand linear and non-linear responses. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 8:12AM - 8:24AM |
A20.00002: A subwavelength magnetic metamolecule Farbod Shafiei, Francesco Monticone, Khai Le, Xing-Xiang Liu, Thomas Hartsfield, Andrea Alu, Xiaoqin Li The weakness of magnetism at optical frequencies in nature has led to intense effort to create artificial magnetism, which is at the basis of anomalous refractive properties and other exciting optical phenomena. Plasmonic nanoclusters have been shown to exhibit strong magnetic response because magnetic effects are indistinguishable from spatial dispersion of permittivity at optical frequencies. In a different context, plasmonic Fano resonances have raised great interest, particularly for use in sensing applications that benefit from sharp spectral features and extreme field localization. So far, optical Fano resonances have been based on purely electric effects. In this work, we use an atomic force microscope to assemble a four-particle nanoring consisting of Au nanoparticles of approximately 100 nm in diameter and to actively modify its configuration until we observed the desired spectral response in the total scattering cross section, namely the first magnetic-based optical Fano resonance in a subwavelength metamolecule. Support from ARO, AFOSR, NSF, and ONR are gratefully acknowledged. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 8:24AM - 8:36AM |
A20.00003: Bridging the Gap Towards the Monolithically Integrated Selective Polarizer: A Dynamic Metamaterial Polarization Grid Corey Shemelya, Nicole Pfiester, Ganesh Balakrishnan, Thomas Vandervelde The use of active metamaterials in devices has gained much attention recently based on their scalabilty, tunability, and the ability to turn them on or off. This work describes the use of metamaterial patterning to create a dynamic polarizer for monolithic integration on photodetectors. The design was tuned for wavelengths in the mid-infrared transmission window for the use of sensing man-made objects. Samples were fabricated using Si doped GaAs epitaxially grown on a c-plane sapphire substrate. Gold metamaterials were patterned and deposited along with ohmic and schottky contacts using physical vapor deposition. The results are compared to similar metamaterials on various substrate materials: double-sided polished (DSP) intrinsic GaAs, DSP n-type GaAs, N$+$ GaSb, and p-type Si. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 8:36AM - 8:48AM |
A20.00004: Geometry Induced Optimization of Energy Consumption in an Ultrafast Metamaterial Modulator Atish Agarwala, Keshav Dani We investigate the energy consumption per bit of an all-optical ultrafast metmaterial modulator via improvements in the geometric design of the device. The device is a 100nm thick tri-layered Ag-Si-Ag fishnet structure metamaterial with a negative index resonance in the NIR. Previously, the device has been shown to be capable of terabit per second all-optical modulation requiring 3nJ/bit of energy. In this talk, we study different device geometries including stacked fishnet structures and variations in sidewall angles in order to reduce the energy consumption required to switch a single bit. Our simulations indicate an optimized structure that allows us to reduce our energy requirement to only 25pJ/bit for a device integrated with an optical fiber. Such improvements in energy consumption are essential for future practical devices allowing for terabit per second all-optical communication. They also provide insight into future energy-efficient metamaterial photonic devices. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 8:48AM - 9:00AM |
A20.00005: Impact of patterned anti-reflection coating on the performance of Broadband Blackbody Absorber Based on Dielectric-Thin Metal Film Multilayers Shyhauh Guo, Andrei Sushkov, Dennis Drew, Raymond Phaneuf We present results from measurements on double period structures of alternating dielectric and thin metal layer coated with micro-patterned anti-reflection layer to improve absorption in mid-infrared range. We examine the effect on performance of patterns' period and the correlation with the effective medium theory. We find that the numerical results agree with the measured absorption spectra. We also investigate the limit of pattern feature size to achieve performance suggested by effective medium theory. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 9:00AM - 9:12AM |
A20.00006: Solving the inverse problem of metamaterials with permittivity measurement Hon Ping Lee, Ka Shing Hui, Kin Wah Yu We have developed a new strategy for the reconstruction of volume fraction distribution of metallic inclusion in a graded composite from the measured electric permittivity data. Some of the techniques by Milton\footnote{R. C. McPhedran, G. W. Milton,Applied Physics A , Volume 26, Issue 4, pp 207-220 (December 1981)} and McPhedran\footnote{R. C. McPhedran and D. R. McKenzie, Appl. Phys. A 29, 19-27 (1982)} on homogenous two phase composites, together with Bergman-Milton representation, electromagnetic representation of effective permittivity and optimization method are used, and the strategy consist of the following two parts: reconstructing the effective permittivity in spectral space with Bergman representation by minimizing the cost function, and obtaining the volume fraction distribution by a contact of Bergman representation and electromagnetic representation of effective permittivity. Demonstration of the strategy is carried out by typical monotonically decreasing graded profile. The study could be extended to arbitrary profiles. The results obtained are useful for solving various inverse problems for the reconstruction of the structures of composites. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 9:12AM - 9:48AM |
A20.00007: Theory of Spatial Optical Solitons in Metallic Nanowire Materials Invited Speaker: Mario Silveirinha Arrays of metallic nanowires stand as one of the most exciting structures in the metamaterial realm due to their applications in the electromagnetic field manipulation and transport in the nanoscale. Nanowire materials can also lead to interesting physics in the context nonlinear optics, and in particular previous works have shown that stable subwavelength solitons can be formed in arrays of metallic nanowires embedded in a Kerr-type material. Such solitary waves can have an important impact in nanophotonics and in the realization of ultra-compact devices. Thus, it would be highly interesting to characterize them using an effective medium approach, because this can highlight the relevant physical processes and simplify the numerical modeling. In this talk, we derive an effective medium theory that describes the dynamics of the macroscopic electromagnetic fields in a nanowire array embedded in a Kerr-type dielectric. We apply such a theory to the characterization of optical solitons, and unravel the physical mechanisms that enable the formation of stable subwavelength solitary waves in nanowire arrays. It is shown that because of the exotic hyperbolic dispersion of the photonic states in a nanowire material, the effective medium behaves as a self-focusing material when the nanowires are embedded in a self-defocusing dielectric host. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 9:48AM - 10:00AM |
A20.00008: Development of Metamaterial Structures by Laser Direct-Write Alberto Pique, Nicholas Charipar, Heungsoo Kim, Matthew Kirleis, Andrew Smith The use of metamaterials structures has been the subject of extensive discussions given their wide range of applications. However, a large fraction of the work available to date has been limited to simulations and proof-of-principle demonstrations. One reason for the limited success inserting these structures into functioning systems and real-world applications is the high level of complexity involved in their fabrication. Direct-write processes are ideally suited for the fabrication of arbitrary periodic and aperiodic structures found in most metamaterial and plasmonic designs. For these applications, laser-based processes offer numerous advantages since they can be applied to virtually any surface over a wide range of scales. Furthermore, laser direct-write or LDW allows the precise deposition and/or removal of material thus enabling the fabrication of novel metamaterial designs. This presentation will show examples of metamaterial and plasmonic structures developed at the Naval Research Lab using LDW, and discuss the benefits of laser processing for these applications. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 10:00AM - 10:12AM |
A20.00009: Design of Tunable Superconducting Metamaterials Melissa Trepanier, Daimeng Zhang, Steven Anlage Our goal is to create a superconducting metamaterial utilizing deep sub-wavelength meta-atoms with a quickly-tunable index of refraction. To accomplish this we will combine two different materials: an array of rf SQUIDs (with tunable effective permeability) and an array of thin wires interrupted by Josephson junctions (with tunable effective permittivity). These materials have been designed to maximize tunablility in the range easily measured via X-band, Ku-band, and K-band waveguides. Various sizes of rf SQUIDs were designed to be non-hysteretic, be sufficiently insensitive to noise, and to have resonant frequencies ranging from 6.5 - 22 GHz. The wire array was designed so that the inductance of the Josephson junctions can completely cancel the geometric and kinetic inductance of the wires, giving rise to strong tunability. We will present the design considerations and simulation results for this new class of metamaterials. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 10:12AM - 10:24AM |
A20.00010: Measurement of a SQUID metamaterial Daimeng Zhang, Melissa Trepanier, Steven Anlage We report experimental results on a new type of superconducting metamaterial consisting of arrays of RF SQUIDs operating in the microwave frequency range with tunable properties (S parameters, effective permeability, effective permittivity, etc.). DC magnetic field is applied to bias the sample and to vary the Josephson inductance, thus tuning the resonant frequency over a multi-GHz range. The experiment is done in a magnetic-shielded cryostat where we examine the temperature, RF-field, and DC-field dependence of S parameters of this superconducting metamaterial. We also perform a cryogenic calibration to eliminate the effects of transmission lines on our results. From the calibrated S-matrix of this metamaterial, we are able to extract the effective permeability and its response to various stimuli. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 10:24AM - 10:36AM |
A20.00011: Experimental demonstration of a broadband array of invisibility cloaks in the visible frequency range Vera Smolyaninova, Igor Smolyaninov, Kurt Ermer Since the first experimental demonstration in the microwave and visible ranges, invisibility cloaks stimulated considerable progress in the fields of metamaterials and transformation optics. Arrays of invisibility cloaks may find important applications in low-interference communication, noninvasive probing, sensing and communication networks, etc. We report on the first experimental realization of such an array of broadband invisibility cloaks, which operates in the visible frequency range. Wavelength and angular dependencies of the cloak array performance will be demonstrated. Potential biochemical sensing applications will be discussed. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 10:36AM - 10:48AM |
A20.00012: Experimental demonstration of birefrigent broadband transformation Luneburg lenses Henry Ermer, Vera Smolyaninova, Alex Piazza, Todd Adams, David Schaefer, Igor Smolyaninov Transformation optics (TO) has recently become a useful methodology in the design of unusual optical devices, such as novel metamaterial lenses and invisibility cloaks. Here we report the first experimental realization of birefrigent TO designs of Luneburg lens based on lithographically defined metal/dielectric waveguides. Adiabatic variations of the waveguide shape enable control of the effective refractive indices experienced by the TE and TM modes propagating inside the waveguides. We have studied wavelength and polarization dependent performance of the resulting birefrigent TO devices. These novel optical devices considerably extend our ability to control light on submicrometer scales. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 18, 2013 10:48AM - 11:00AM |
A20.00013: Electromagnetic ``black holes'' in hyperbolic metamaterials Igor Smolyaninov We demonstrate that spatial variations of the dielectric tensor components in a hyperbolic metamaterial may lead to formation of electromagnetic ``black holes'' inside this metamaterial. Similar to real black holes, horizon area of the electromagnetic ``black holes'' is quantized in units of the effective ``Planck scale'' squared. Potential experimental realizations of such electromagnetic ``black holes'' will be considered. For example, this situation may be realized in a hyperbolic metamaterial in which the dielectric component exhibits critical opalescence. [Preview Abstract] |
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