Bulletin of the American Physical Society
Fall 2023 Joint Meeting of the Texas Section of the APS, Texas Section of the AAPT & Zone 13 of the SPS
Thursday–Saturday, October 12–14, 2023; Angelo State University, San Angelo, Texas
Session F06: SPS
1:00 PM–2:12 PM,
Friday, October 13, 2023
Angelo State University
Room: VIN 146
Chair: Scott Williams, Angelo State University
Abstract: F06.00005 : Understanding Baryon Production in Calorimeters for High-Energy Physics: Insights from Monte Carlo Simulations
1:48 PM–2:00 PM
Presenter:
Odin Schneider
(Texas Tech University)
Authors:
Odin Schneider
(Texas Tech University)
Cristobal Moreno
(Texas Tech University)
Xander Delashaw
(Texas Tech University)
Collaboration:
TTU Advanced Particle Detector Lab
The effectiveness of a calorimeter hinges on the type of material that is chosen. On one hand, it needs to be dense enough to stop the particles fully. On the other hand, a material that releases too many baryons from a collision can introduce noise and ‘invisible’ energy that eludes detection. This study centers on the intricate interplay between incoming particles and calorimeter materials.
Employing Monte Carlo simulations with GEANT4 (a particle physics simulation toolkit), we subjected an array of particles to various calorimeter materials, unveiling some of the mechanisms behind baryon production. Our analysis reveals that the primary source of baryon production stems from the “evaporation” of the calorimeter material nucleus upon collision, liberating protons and neutrons. This happens at relatively low beam energies of around 5 GeV. A much smaller effect is the pair production of baryons in inelastic collisions.
We also found the unaccounted “invisible” energy in the calorimeter to be proportional to the number of baryons produced. This suggests that at least part of this invisible energy arises from the binding energy in the nucleus being overcome as the nucleus evaporates into its substituent parts. This binding energy then does not appear as light or charge signals in the calorimeter, justifying the name ‘invisible’ energy.
Extending our investigations across various materials, we found the Baryon production to increase notably with the atomic number of the material. This is consistent with the proton and neutron production through nucleus evaporation described above.
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