Bulletin of the American Physical Society
22nd Biennial Conference of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter
Volume 67, Number 8
Monday–Friday, July 11–15, 2022; Anaheim, California
Session U02: Energetic Materials: Synthesis and Thermal CharacterizationFocus Recordings Available
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Chair: Naresh Thadhani, Georgia Institute of Technology Room: Anaheim Marriott Platinum 6 |
Thursday, July 14, 2022 11:00AM - 11:30AM |
U02.00001: Towards High Temperature Stable Energetic Materials: Synthesis and Characterization Invited Speaker: David Chavez Energetic materials must meet numerous stability, sensitivity, performance, environmental, economic and aging metrics in order to be incorporated in to applications. Recently, there has been a strong interest in the development of energetic materials that can also withstand extreme thermal environments, in addition to the above mentioned requirements. This presentation will briefly cover LANL’s early efforts to develop high temperature stable energetic materials during Project Plowshare, and provide an overview of recent synthesis and characterization efforts towards new high temperature stable materials.
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Thursday, July 14, 2022 11:30AM - 11:45AM |
U02.00002: Synthesis and Unexpected Reactivity of a 1,2,4-Triazine derived Azidoxime Alexander H Cleveland, Christopher J Snyder, David Chavez The design and synthesis of energetic materials is crucial for the development of new propellants and explosives that have better performance, lower sensitivities, and higher thermal stabilities compared to current materials. To meet these goals, high-nitrogen compounds are commonly targeted as they possess high heats of formation, large densities, and are thermally stable. A class of underexplored high-nitrogen materials are azidoximes. Azidoximes are unique as they contain an energetic azide group, while possessing an improved oxygen balance, yet these species are typically generated in situ and not isolated due to their high sensitivities. This presentation will present the synthesis of a 1,2,4-triazine derived azidoxime. This material was formed in 64% yield over three steps, has a calculated density of 1.746 g•cm–1, and is less sensitive to impact, spark, and friction, as compared to PETN and RDX. We subjected this azidoxime to acid catalyzed cyclization conditions in an attempt to form its 1-hydroxytetrazole isomer; however, this azidoxime failed to react even after prolonged reaction times with heating. This observation led us to probe the reactivity of this material via electronic structure calculations, electrostatic potential mapping and Hirshfeld surface analyses. |
Thursday, July 14, 2022 11:45AM - 12:00PM |
U02.00003: Exploring the Use of Aluminized Composites as Additives in Traditional Explosives Siva Kumar Valluri, Dana D Dlott, Edward L Dreizin Metal-oxidizer systems can produce twice as much energy as traditional explosives, but since their energetic reactions require oxygen to diffuse into the fuel these reactions are typically in microseconds and too slow to support a detonation, which requires energy to be released in tens of nanoseconds. We have recently found that metal-oxidizer composites can be produced with nanostructures and microstructures that permit rapid non-diffusive mixing when initiated by detonation-strength shock waves, which supports the idea that properly designed composites can be used to make explosives more powerful. Finding the optimal composition, microstructure and nanostructure is difficult because there are so many possibilities. We have developed a tabletop high-throughput screening method that allows us to evaluate libraries of composite materials by watching them react in real-time with high-speed video and optical pyrometry while they are shocked with laser-launched flyer plates or embedded in detonating plastic-bonded explosives. |
Thursday, July 14, 2022 12:00PM - 12:15PM |
U02.00004: High Pressure Characteristics of Melt-Castable Energetic of BNFF Zbigniew A Dreger, Timothy C Ransom, Demitrios Stamatis Developing the efficient application and modeling of energetic materials requires a good knowledge of their response to high pressure and high temperature. Of particular interest are pressure and temperature effects on melt-castable energetics, because pressure and temperature can change the balance between the crystalline and molten states, affecting their processability, stability, and performance. Here, a high energy density compound of 3, 4-bis (3-nitrofurazan-4-yl) furoxan (BNFF or DNTF) was subjected to high compression and elevated temperatures, using a diamond anvil cell in conjunction with Raman spectroscopy and optical imaging. The experiments were performed on crystalline and metastable, super-cooled fluid phases to examine their stability and reactivity. Despite the evolution of Raman spectra with pressure, structural and chemical stability of crystalline BNFF was demonstrated to at least 20 GPa. The molten state behavior was monitored with changes in Boson peak, indicating formation of energetic glass above 5 GPa. The molecular processes governing interplay between different phases are discussed. |
Thursday, July 14, 2022 12:15PM - 12:30PM |
U02.00005: Chemical Evaluation and Performance Characterization of Molten Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Virginia W Manner, Margo T Greenfield, Laura Smilowitz, Christopher E Freye, Alexander H Cleveland, Geoffrey W Brown, Natalya Suvorova, Hongzhao Tian Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) is a nitrate ester explosive commonly used in commercial detonators. Although its degradation properties have been studied extensively, very little information has been collected on its thermal stability in the molten state due to the fact that its melting point is only ~20 °C below its onset of decomposition. In this work, we characterize PETN molecular decomposition and morphology changes under melt conditions utilizing a thorough suite of analytical techniques, including ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We estimate the amount of decomposition relative to sublimation that we measure through gas evolution, and utilize independently-prepared samples to identify products and predict melting point depression. We then tie together decomposition behavior with performance properties of both molten and re-solidified PETN in commercial detonators, using visual and X-ray imaging. |
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