Bulletin of the American Physical Society
2015 Annual Fall Meeting of the APS Prairie Section
Thursday–Saturday, November 19–21, 2015; South Bend, Indiana
Session D1: Poster Session |
Hide Abstracts |
Room: Jordan Hall of Science Galleria |
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D1.00001: "THe WATER-DIAMOND PARADOX From KOH-i-NOOR To ISOMORPHICITY" WH- Maksoed,SSi Ever India originates through "croquis du Koh-i-Noor d'apres Tavernier" as well as largest in the World uncut Sefadu diamonds further sought more thrift reckoning those are from K. Westra:" KOH & TMAH Etching of bulk Si", Feb 11,2010. There coiniciding between "the Water-Diamond paradox" & heavy-water Latices/Wien, AUSTRIA - 1944 then reminds the "diamond fibers" introduce by nanotechnology from Dr. Kim Eric DREXLER, 1986 whose Ilya Kaler & Robert Wexler provides the nearly-awarded NOBEL Peace Prize, 2006. Since 'silanes' silicon gas & Prof. Florencio de Silanes/SiH6 to amorphocity use as re-admissionTest to theProdi of Physics ITB 've been proof whereas isomorphicity/VV Ryzhkov, 1991 the Prime Minister of Swedia HE. Mr. Frederik REINFELDT himselves delivers the "symbiocity" to the Governor of DKIJaya/2013, rearranged as 'smart cities'. So concludes which "ad hoc assembly" criterion fulfills to NK= 2. 76 scale 5 in August 1984 answers:"Nanti, nanti.." finally GPA= 2. 57 scale 4 in Prodi of Physics UI 2003 adopts as the postcode of TELKOM University: BDG-40257. To the isomorphism from those isomorphicity, also describes the sieve of Eratosthenes metaphores the 'tonarigumi'/kandagalante to illumination unit Sv[Sievert]. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00002: ``From OPTICAL ENGINE to Catalytic Nanomotors {\&} Multifractal Cartoons'' Glory Rosary-OYONG,SE To ``fractal-like relevant phase space'' {\&} `` solar neutrino puzzle based-on Tsallis thermostatistics..'' from [RP di Sisto, 1999] statements those retrieves :'' synthetic nanomotors are propelled by catalytic decomposition of\textellipsis they do not require external electric, magnetic of optical fields as energy..''. But from D. Kagan, 2009 sought:''a motion-based chemical sensing involving fuel-driven nanomotors is demonstrated. The new protocol relies on the use of an optical microscope for tracking change in the speed of nanowire motors in the presence of the target analyte ''. Furthers, accompanying LF Valadares:''..dimer due to the limited resolution of optical microscopy..'' {\&} J. Gibbs's Fig 2.6(a). Optical micrograph of a partial monolayer of silica microbeads, herewith fractal-classified of Gb 1.1 Penyelesaian y $=$ sin x $+$ c bagi PDB y $=$ cos x --Sugiyarto,PhD: `` \textbf{Persamaan Diferensial'', }2015, h 8 comprises multifractal cartoons depict in \textbf{``External Debt Statistics of INDONESIA'', }2015, v VI. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00003: Correlated Molecular Maser Flares in IRAS 18566+0408 Daniel Halbe, Esteban Araya We report observations conducted with the 305m Arecibo Telescope in Puerto Rico, showing multiple correlated molecular maser flares in IRAS 18566+0408. This is the only massive star-forming region where correlated variability of three molecular maser species has been found. The three molecular species monitored were 6.7$\,$GHz methanol (CH$_{3}$OH), 6$\,$cm formaldehyde (H$_{2}$CO), and 6.035$\,$GHz hydroxyl (OH). The spectrum of the CH$_{3}$OH reveals at least 9 different molecular clouds moving at different LSR velocities, the fastest CH$_{3}$OH (87.8$\,$km s$^{-1}$) component simultaneously flares with the H$_{2}$CO (79.5$\,$km s$^{-1}$) maser. The flare peaks from most of the remaining CH$_3$OH maser components, in addition to the OH (85.8$\,$km s$^{-1}$) maser, are delayed by approximately 3 months with respect to the H$_{2}$CO maser peak. We discuss results of a statistical analysis that suggests that multiple pumping mechanisms may be causing the flares instead of a simple time delay. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00004: A Study of 6.7 GHz Methanol Absorption toward the Star Forming Region G45.12+0.13 Wei Siang Tan, Esteban D. Araya, Li Ean Lee The methanol line at a rest frequency of 6.7$\,$GHz is commonly found in massive star-forming regions. This transition is mostly detected in emission, but absorption has also been observed against ionized clouds. As part of a survey for molecular lines conducted with the 305m Arecibo Telescope, we detected 6.7$\,$GHz methanol absorption toward the massive star-forming region G45.12+0.13. The aim of this project is to study the physical conditions needed to explain the observed absorption line. We used the radiative transfer codes MolPop and Radex to investigate the physical conditions of the molecular cloud responsible for the absorption. We explored whether the line is caused by absorption of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. We were able to reproduce the level of absorption if the molecular cloud is as extended as the telescope beam, however, the model shows that the molecular cloud would have an unreasonable 3-dimensional aspect ratio. On the other hand, if the molecular cloud is significantly smaller than the telescope beam, there would not be enough CMB photons to explain the absorption. Thus, we conclude that the 6.7$\,$GHz methanol absorption detected toward G45.12+0.13 is not caused by CMB absorption, but by absorption against the radio continuum. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00005: Water Masers in the Star Forming Region G23.71-0.20 Mark Smith, Esteban Araya Star forming regions are sites where favorable physical conditions lead to gravitational collapse of molecular cores, resulting in the formation of protostellar systems and eventually new stars and planets. Masers have been found in star forming regions. Masers are characterized by intense microwave radiation due to population inversion and stimulated emission. Examples of maser species in massive star forming regions are water and formaldehyde. G23.71-0.20 is one of seven massive star forming regions in the Milky Way where both H2CO and H20 masers have been found. Han et al. (1998) reported a H2O maser at a velocity of -40.3km/s in G23.71-0.20, in contrast, the formaldehyde maser in the region is found at a velocity of 79.2km/s. The velocity difference between the two masers is quite significant (~120km/s) and suggests a high velocity outflow. We report a study intended to investigate water masers in G23.71-0.20. We did not detect the Han et al. (1998) maser, instead, H2O masers at 67.8km/s and 79.6km/s were found. We discuss the association of the water masers relative to the H2CO and other molecular masers in this region. Comparing our data with H2O maser measurements reported by Bartkiewicz et al. (2011), we find that H2O masers in this region are highly variable. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00006: Detection of 19.9 GHz Methanol Emission in Two Star Forming Regions Emmanuel Adebayo, Esteban D. Araya, Natalia Andreev Over a hundred molecular species have been discovered in the interstellar medium. One of such molecules is methanol. A rare transition of methanol at 19.9 GHz has only been found as maser toward ten star forming regions (most are weak, $<$1 Jy). Using the 105m Green Bank Telescope of the National Radio Observatory (NRAO) in West Virginia, we investigated the variability of the 19.9 GHz methanol maser in NGC 7538 (first detected by Wilson et al. 1985) and detected a new emission line in IRAS 18566+0408. Our new detection has a peak flux density of 0.013 Jy. In NGC 7538, the 19.9 GHz methanol maser has an average peak flux density of 0.17 Jy and shows little variability. The velocities of the methanol lines in both sources are offset from the peak 6.7 GHz methanol and 6035 OH masers, but coincident with weaker 6.7 GHz methanol velocity components. Similar velocity offsets have been found in most star-forming regions where the 19.9 GHz methanol line has been detected. IRAS 18566+0408 is a region with weak radio continuum. Consequently, detection of 19.9 GHz methanol maser in this region is atypical to the trend observed by Krishnan et al. (2013), where the maser was found in regions with strong continuum. However, we cannot conclusively rule out the possibility of thermal emission. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00007: Nuclear observables indicating the evolution of shell structure Ian Bentley The formation and disappearance of shells and subshells across the chart of the nuclides is discussed. A previously introduced method of structural analysis is used to compare experimental observables among neighboring even-even nuclei. The observables investigated include the mean square charge radius, as well as, other spectroscopic and mass related quantities. The technique employs differential observables and uses them to serve as the derivatives for these quantities of interest. Local extrema in these observations indicate shell closures and the lack of local extrema indicate missing shell closures. The ground-state spin and parity of odd-A nuclides provide additional insight on these shell structure determinations, for both protons and neutrons. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00008: Characterization of RF Carpets with Variable Frequency for use in RIB Measurements Shane Ryan, Alec Hamaker, Maxime Brodeur The recent, worldwide development of radioactive ion beam (RIB) facilities has dramatically increased potential for answering pressing nuclear science questions, ranging from mechanisms involved in creation of heavy nuclei to the structure of exotic nuclei. The chemistry-independent nature of in-flight production of RIBs allows for a broad range of nuclei - however, the high energy and momentum spread of these beams are at odds with requirements for low energy experiments, which consequently implement gas cells to thermalize the RIB. Many such gas cells include radio-frequency (RF) carpets, which are sets of concentric electric rings carrying superimposed electric signals to rapidly vary a repulsion force with both time and position. This enables and facilitates active transport towards an extraction orifice in the center as opposed to passive diffusion, increasing both experimental accuracy and efficiency. The growing use of RF carpet technology prompted us to investigate the behavior of the repelling force as a function of various experimental parameters, including gas pressure, RF amplitude, and opposing electric field strength. We also developed novel circuitry for use in an RF carpet that allows for variable signal frequency. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00009: A Study on the MRI Physics and Its Application to Neuroimaging Sueryun Lee, Jimin David Shin, Christine Cho Magnetic Resonance Image is one of the most widely used technologies to diagnose and study various diseases. Coils placed in the MRI machine detect waves that are released from hydrogen atoms in the particular section of the body. In this paper, image-processing routines were developed to analyze the frequency information and corresponding images created using Fourier transformation. Changing different variables in low pass filters could change the function produced over the image domain. As an application, MRI images of a brain affected with Alzheimer's disease were analyzed to observe the changes in data. A different k-space and corresponding histogram were obtained in brains of different stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. The k-space was constructed from the MRI image of the human brain using the MATLAB software. Different proposed filters were applied on the full K-space in order to find a most efficient filter, which can be used to produce best MRI image. Three different images were used to figure out the patterns of the histogram of the brain images affected by the disease. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00010: A Study on the MRI Physics and Biomedical Image Processing Chae-eun D Lee, Soohyun Kim, Hyunjeong Chang Biophysical technology plays an imperative role in physicians’ examination and diagnosis of patients. The development of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) physics has revolutionized the way we examine brain diseases, such as dementia. After Alzheimer’s disease, Vascular Dementia (Va. D) is the second most common type of dementia that affects the global population. This particular brain disease develops due to a restricted blood flow to the brain, causing patients to experience difficulty in various thought processes such as decision-making, judgment, memory, planning, and organizing. In order to guarantee the best possible examination of suspected Va. D patients, high quality MRI images of the brain are required. Using the Matlab and MRI physics theory, this paper studies the MRI image of the human brain affected with various stages of Va. D. Patients with a healthy brain, mild case of Va. D, and severe case of Va. D, will exhibit distinct images. Such different in images will produce different MRI k-spaces, generated by Fourier Transformation. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00011: Effective Tight Binding Hamiltonian for the Class of Monolayer Dichalcogenides Mohammad Mahdi Valizadeh, Sashi Satpathy One of the most important class of two-dimensional materials is the class of metal dichalcogenides such as $MoS_2$ and $WS_2$. Strong spin-orbit coupling interaction and broken inversion symmetry in the lattice structure lead to very interesting physical properties, including changing the spin-channel from $K$ to $K'$ high-symmetry points in the valence band. We find the effective tight binding Hamiltonian for this class of materials. This effective tight binding Hamiltonian can be used for different analytical calculations. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00012: Effect of Host Glass on the Stimulated Emission Cross-section of Dy$^{3+}$ ions in bismuth borate glasses Hio Giap Ooi, P. K. Babu, Saisudha Mallur Optical properties of Dy$^{3+}$ ions in bismuth borate glasses were analyzed using Judd-Ofelt theory as a function of the glass composition with Bi$_{2}$O$_{3\, }$content varying from 29.5 to 59.5mol{\%}. The intensity of an absorption band can be expressed in terms of the oscillator strength. Absorption coefficient at each wavelength was obtained from the optical absorption spectrum of a glass sample and number density of rare-earth ions was calculated from the measurement of the glass density. These two parameters were then used to calculate the oscillator strength of each transition using Judd-Ofelt theory. Using the oscillator strength for each transition, we obtained the intensity parameters which represent changes in the asymmetry of the ligand field at the rare-earth (\textit{RE}) site (due to structural changes) and to changes in \textit{RE}-O covalency. Radiative transition probabilities, the radiative lifetime of the excited states and the branching ratios are then obtained from these intensity parameters. The compositional dependence of stimulated emission cross-section ($\sigma _{p})$, is then evaluated using radiative transition probability, refractive index of the host glass, effective fluorescence linewidth, and position of the band. The $\sigma_{p} $values of the 574 nm band of Dy$^{3+}$ for bismuth borate glasses are found to be in the range 2.7 x 10$^{-21}$ cm$^{2}$ -- 3.8 x 10$^{-21}$ cm$^{2\, }$which is slightly higher than those obtained for other oxide glasses. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00013: Dynamics Simulations of Adsorption of Natural Gas Mixtures in Graphene Nanocells Drew Lemke, Alexander St. John, Michael Roth, Carlos Wexler adsorption of natural gas (NG) in graphene nanocells is of significant interest for its potential use for energy storage. In most studies NG is assumed to be comprised of pure methane, its main component. However, this neglects that 10-30 percent of NG is made-up of as ethane, propane or heavier gases which may preferentially adsorb eventually reducing the storage capacity. In this studies we seek to understand the adsorption of NG mixtures by performing Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. Whereas most adsorption simulations are done with the computationally more efficient Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) methods, MD offers advantages for the study of larger molecules where internal configurations changes are important. In addition, MD permits studying time-dependent processes such as diffusion, which can help determine the reversibility of irreversibility of the adsorption of the heavier molecules [1]. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00014: Computational Modeling of Nano Diode-like Heterostructures and Their Catalytic Performance for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Taegyun Kim Catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are at the heart and remain a great challenge of electrochemical processes such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. We have constructed diode-like heterostructure as potential ORR catalysts using four atom metal clusters (electron-poor) anchored on a graphene sheet (electron-rich). We have considered eight transition and noble metals including Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au. The charge transfer from the metal cluster to the graphene is well correlated with their electronegativity. As an initial test of the catalytic behavior of these heterostructures, we have calculated the oxygen adsorption. Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pt, and Pd metallic clusters with graphene all favor O$_{\mathrm{2}}$ dissociative chemical adsorption, suggesting a preference of the dissociative mechanism for ORR. The implication of the calculated O binding energy to oxygen reduction activity will also be discussed. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00015: Machining a Circuit-Housing and Sample Stage for a Precision Oscillator Nicholas Brown, Ryan Gordon My presentation will cover the design and ongoing construction of a circuit-housing unit and sample stage for a low-temperature, high precision oscillating circuit, known as a tunnel diode resonator (TDR). The focus of this project is to create an environment for the TDR circuit that will allow for making ultra-precise measurements of electromagnetic properties of materials. The TDR circuit consists primarily of an LC tank oscillator, with a natural resonance frequency of approximately 10 MHz, which is powered by a properly biased tunnel diode. Under the best conditions, the resonance frequency of the TDR can be maintained with parts-per-billion sensitivity to drift in its resonance frequency. To achieve this low noise level, it is vital to thermally anchor all components of the TDR circuit to the housing unit. In addition, for the measurement of materials, a small sapphire stage must be inserted into the TDR inductor during measurement. I will cover the details of these designs and talk about the status of the construction of this experiment in the Western Illinois University Physics Department Machine Shop. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00016: Inductive Tunnel Diode Resonator Circuit for Precision Magnetic Measurements Nicholas Breslin, Owen Huff, Alexander Blanton, Ryan Gordon A tunnel diode resonator (TDR) circuit is a specially designed radio frequency circuit consisting of an LC tank oscillator that is powered by a properly biased tunnel diode. Under optimal design considerations, this circuit is capable of parts-per billion stability in the drift of its resonance frequency, hence making it an ideal tool for studying changes in material properties that can either couple to the magnetic field of the inductor coil or to the electric field of the capacitor in the tank oscillator portion of the TDR circuit. My presentation will focus on the design and construction of a TDR circuit for measuring properties of materials using the inductor as the sense element for measurements in the condensed matter physics lab of Dr. Ryan Gordon at Western Illinois University. In particular, this circuit is being fitted onto the cooling stage of a closed-cycle helium refrigerator, where its base temperature can be as low at 10 K. By mounting samples with size dimensions on the order of 1 mm onto a small sapphire stage that can be inserted into the inductor coil of the TDR’s tank oscillator, shifts in the resonance frequency due to the presence of the material can be studied from just above 10 K to room temperature. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00017: The Use of a Capacitor Tunnel Diode Resonating Circuit to Measure Material Properties Owen Huff, Nicholas Breslin, Alexander Blanton, Ryan Gordon A tunnel diode resonator (or TDR) is a specialized circuit that is a tunneling diode connected to a capacitor-inductor oscillator. Applying the proper amount of DC voltage to the diode results in an alternating current that sustains the oscillations in the tank oscillator. The resonant frequency can then be shifted by the inclusion of materials in the capacitor of the oscillator through its interaction with the electric field there. One major goal of this experimental technique is to measure the dielectric constant of materials. Due to the use of high precision electronic instrumentation, changes in the resonant frequency can be measured with parts-per-billion precision, thus allowing the determination of the dielectric constant with great precision. Furthermore, by performing these experiments at low temperatures we can filter out sources of error such as thermal motion, and observe changes in materials that occur only at low temperatures. Plans have been made to measure the dielectric constant of (V$_{1-x}Ti$_x$)O$_2$, a crystalline material that undergoes a metal-insulator transition. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00018: Tunnel Diode Oscillators for Precise Electromagnetic Measurements Alexander Blanton, Owen Huff, Nicholas Breslin, Ryan Gordon My presentation will give an overview of the work being done to construct a variety of different types of tunnel diode resonator (TDR) circuits in Physics Department at Western Illinois University. These circuits consist primarily of an LC tank oscillator, having a megahertz natural resonant frequency, whose resonance is sustained by a biased tunnel diode. Changes in the TDR’s resonant frequency can be measured to a high degree and the drift in its frequency can be as low as parts-per-billion, under the best conditions, making it an ideal tool for studying electromagnetic properties of materials. Two basic designs for TDR measurements are being developed in our lab. One of these involves the insertion of a sample into the inductor coil of the TDR, where coupling to its magnetic field leads to a frequency shift. The second design involves the insertion of a sample into the TDR’s capacitor, where coupling to its electric field leads to a frequency shift. The details of these designs will be discussed and plans for future measurements of materials will be outlined in my presentation. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00019: Magnetism and Superconductivity in Y$_9$Co$_7$ Studied with a Tunnel Diode Oscillator Circuit Ryan Gordon My presentation will focus on tunnel diode resonator (TDR) circuit measurements on a single crystal of the material Y$_9$Co$_7$. This material displays a superconducting transition at T = 2.5 K and an unusual magnetic state at temperatures just above this transition and up to 8 K. The exact nature of this magnetic state is a point of contention among researchers and one of the goals of this study was to elucidate the details of this magnetism that is proximate to superconductivity. Another goal of this study was to search for signatures of an interaction between the superconducting and magnetic states. The magnetic susceptibility as a function of both temperature and magnetic field was measured using TDR circuits, which are radio frequency oscillators having parts-per-billion sensitivity to measure changes in physical properties of materials. Using both $^3$He and $^4$He cryostats mounted into superconducting magnet bores, this experiment was able to reach temperatures as low as 500 mK and magnetic fields as high as 9 T. The resulting measurements will be discussed and compared to TDR measurements done on other magnetic materials, especially ZrZn$_2$. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00020: Sub-nanometer Transition Metal Clusters for Dehydrogenation Catalysis: Is the d-band Model Valid? Stan Zygmunt, Haiying He, Stephen Place, Michael Roeback The d-band model of Hammer and N{\o}rskov$^{\mathrm{\thinspace }}$successfully rationalizes the catalytic properties of transition metal (TM) surfaces and nanoparticles. The model predicts a linear relationship between the d-band center energy of a TM or TM alloy (E$_{\mathrm{d}})$ and its binding energy with a reactant molecule. Many studies have shown that the d-band center with respect to the Fermi energy (E$_{\mathrm{d}}$-E$_{\mathrm{F}})$ is a useful descriptor of the catalytic properties of TM systems. Originally established for TM surfaces, the d-band model has also been validated for particles with diameters of roughly 10 nm. However, the model has not yet been tested for sub-nanometer clusters and cluster alloys, in which the discrete nature of the energy-level spectrum becomes more prominent. We have calculated binding energies of four atom homogeneous TM clusters (M$_{\mathrm{4}})$ and binary cluster alloys (M$_{\mathrm{4-x}}$N$_{\mathrm{x}}$, x$=$1,2,3) with propane and propene, for the purpose of a detailed study of propane dehydrogenation. We find that binding energy varies approximately linearly with d-band center for many M$_{\mathrm{4-x}}$N$_{\mathrm{x}}$ cluster alloys, in agreement with the d-band model. However, the agreement is much worse when the M$_{\mathrm{4}}$ clusters formed by different TMs are compared. We will discuss possible reasons for these results, along with implications for dehydrogenation catalysis. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00021: Spin excitations in semiconductor nanostructures with spin-orbit coupling Shahrzad Karimi, Carsten Ullrich Spin-orbit coupling is a relativistic effect, where electrons in motion experience electric fields as magnetic fields in their rest frame, which then interact with their spin. The spin-orbit interaction opens up new possibilities to manipulate the charge and spin dynamics in materials and devices; in particular, tuning the spin-orbit strength via external gating is the key to novel devices such as the spin field-effect transistor. Motivated by this, we will carry out systematic studies to explore the impact of spin-orbit interactions on collective spin-density and spin-flip excitation in semiconductor quantum wells. We will describe electronic many-body effects using time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) in the linear-response regime. The effect of impurity scattering will be studied with a generalized relaxation-time approach. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00022: Study on the plasma sheath over a rectangular depression using dust Nicholas Weiner, T.E. Sheridan Plasma is a quasi-neutral ionized gas made up of positive ions and electrons. The plasma sheath is a boundary that is formed between the plasma and a material surface. The more mobile electrons are confined by the electric field in the sheath, while the positive ions are pushed out of the plasma. Charged micron-diameter dust particles can levitate in the sheath electric field by balancing their weight with an upward electric force. The vertical confining well is significantly deeper than the horizontal well, creating a two-dimensional dusty plasma. Microscopic dust particles can be used to provide local measurements of properties of the sheath, including Debye length, electric field, and sheath width. A cluster of two dust particles was used to characterize the plasma sheath over a cathode with a rectangular depression. The width of the sheath is inferred from the dust height. The normal mode frequencies are used to calculate the the ellipticity of the sheath edge, the local Debye length, and the vertical electric field. The vertical electric field and the Debye length can be used to approximate the electron temperature. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00023: Gas Phase Dissociative Electron Attachment to Formamide Derivatives NMF and DMF Zhou Li, M.Michele Dawley, Sylwia Ptasinska Fragmentation of biomolecules, such as nucleobases, induced by low energy electrons can lead to the break of DNA strands. Dissociative electron attachment (DEA), which can occur due to low energy interactions, is initiated with the formation of transient negative ions which exhibit characteristic resonant profiles in the product ion yield. The consequent fragmentation process can either be as simple as a single bond cleavage or a relatively complex process involving multiple bond rearrangements. Measurements of resonant peaks in ion yields and identification of ion products provide information of the resonant energies of the parent molecules as well as the fragmentation pathways. N-methylformamide (NMF) and dimethylformamide (DMF) are both derivatives of formamide which is the simplest structure containing the peptide bond linkage. In this work we identified anion fragments and measured resonance profiles of produced anions due to DEA to NMF and DMF. The anionic species produced from the two molecules were compared as well as the resonant positions and ion yields. Based on this comparison, the DEA process to the two molecules bears similarities such as leading to breaking of peptide bonds (C-N), as well as discrepancies such as absence of OCN$^{\mathrm{-}}$ in DEA to DMF. The selective property of H atom loss, which is reported in the DEA to formamide, is also justified in our experiment since no dehydrogenated DMF anion was detected. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00024: Investigating the plasma sheath above a circular trench using dust Andrew A. Kurtz, William L. Theisen, T. E. Sheridan We study the plasma sheath above a circular trench in a flat, round cathode using dust particles that float at the sheath edge and form a flat dust ring. In these experiments the outer radius of the trench can be easily changed without disrupting the plasma or dust ring, allowing us to characterize the sheath edge geometry for different trench widths. Images of the dust ring were analyzed to determine the sheath width and the radius of the lowest potential energy surface. Videos of two dust particles are used to measure the transverse oscillation frequency, which gives the curvature of the sheath edge. We find that for larger trench widths the dust ring is closer to the electrode and the transverse frequency decreases. Decreasing the trench width, up to a certain point, causes the ring to move higher and increases the transverse frequency. If the trench width is too small then the sheath edge is expelled from the trench and the dust ring becomes a circular dust cluster. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00025: The Child-Langmuir plasma sheath above a step T. E. Sheridan The plasma sheath is the space charge boundary layer that separates quasi-neutral plasma from a material surface. Child-Langmuir sheath theory assumes a plasma with cold, collisionless ions and Boltzmann electrons having a temperature $T_e$ contacts a cathode at a potential $\phi_c < 0$ (i.e., below the plasma space potential). We consider the Child-Langmuir sheath above a cathode with a step of height $d$. If $s_0$ is the planar Child-Langmuir sheath width, then far from the step we expect the sheath to be planar with a width $s_0$. However, in the neighborhood of the step the sheath must change levels, where the lateral transition length is $l$. Using a particle-in-cell code, we show that the sheath edge is well described by a hyperbolic tangent and that $l \approx s_0$. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00026: Gaussian09 NEB Program for Calculating Reaction Pathways John-Eric Tiessen The capability of calculating reaction pathways is an important aspect of modern materials chemistry and physics study. The goal of this work is to write a program to implement the Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) algorithm that can use the outputs of single point energy/force calculations from the electronic structure code of Gaussian09 to determine the reaction pathways, and activation energies, of chemical reactions. The NEB method is preferable to other minimum-energy-pathway searching methods in that it is more likely to find the most probable reaction pathway. The program aims to be well-documented easy to use, accurate, and efficient. Efforts are also made to make it easy to modify in the future for additional features. Testing cases, ranging from well documented chemical reactions to more complex systems, will be presented. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00027: Molecular modulation and the coherent transfer of optical orbital angular momentum in femtosecond radiation. James Strohaber, Sasha Kolomenskii, Hans Schuessler We investigate the nonlinear parametric interaction of optical radiation in various transverse modes in a Raman-active medium. Our pioneering work has allowed us to take a next step in molecular modulation by including optical orbital angular momentum. We have verified the orbital angular momentum algebra (OAM-algebra) derived by [Strohaber et al., Opt. Lett. 37, 3411 (2012)] to hold for higher-order Laguerre Gaussian modes. This same algebra was also found to describe the coherent transfer of OAM when Ince-Gaussian modes were used. New theoretical considerations extend the OAM-algebra to even and odd Laguerre Gaussian, and Hermite Gaussian modes. The results of this novel research are relevant to the spatiotemporal synthesis of custom sub-femtosecond pulse. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00028: Engineering lattice vibrations of chemically doped SnSe for thermoelectric applications - ab initio calculation Trevor Fitzpatrick, Hansika Sirikumara, Thushari Jayasekera Due to the efficiency constraint of the thermoelectric conversion process, there is an intense search for highly efficient thermoelectric materials. Recent findings among the scientific community of the extreme thermoelectric properties of the earth-abundant, non-toxic SnSe compound has provided experimental evidence of an outstanding figure of merit. Our work explores how to engineer the thermoelectric properties of SnSe by controlled chemical doping using density functional theory. We considered both Sn-site doping, Se-site doping as well as Sn and Se codoping of SnSe. By exploring vibrational properties, our work shows that codoping is more favorable over singular Sn-site and Se-site doping in SnSe. This suggests future experiments should focus on similar forms of doping. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00029: Cold Atmospheric Plasma as a Novel Tool for Cancer Treatment Xu Han, James Kapaldo, Yueying Liu, M. Sharon Stack, Sylwia Ptasinska Cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) have attracted rapid interests in many medical applications. With the advantage of avoiding costly vacuum equipment and elevated temperatures, such a novel plasma device enables us to explore the possibility of biological tissue treatment. The main objective of this study is to investigate the physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms underlying the interaction of CAPs with living tissues. A new CAP source operating based on a dielectric barrier discharge in nitrogen gas has been developed in our laboratory. The CAP source has effectively induced DNA double-strand breaks in SCC25 oral cancer cells, but interestingly not in OKF oral normal cells. The cell damage was determined using an immunofluorescence assay to identify and quantify cells with DNA damage, and was visualized as a 3D map in terms of spatial distribution. Optical emission spectrophotometer was used to characterize plasma excited species, which play important roles in inducing damage. Our current focus is on the influence of incubation time of cancer cells after plasma treatment. The outcome of this study will provide essential information for applying plasmas as an alternative therapy method for cancer treatment. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00030: ``Is Protein-polymer assemblies are Fractal BuildingBlock Copolymer..?'' Widastra Hidajatullah-MAKSOED Remember whereas the ``protein-polymer assemblies'' from Pascal Tanner, 2011 are from Hao Zeng, \textit{et.al}:'' bot FePt {\&} FE$_{\mathrm{3}}$O$_{\mathrm{4}}$ particles are incorporated I nanometer-scale building blocks into binary-assemblies'', \underline {NATURE, }Nov 28, 2002 to reckon Radsilav Savic, \underline {SCIENCE, }2003:''..block copolymer micelles a water-soluble biocompatible nanocontainers'' {\&} George Richard Newkome insprirative statements:''mathematics {\&} Art converge in the form of Fractal that also abound in Nature..'' in his \textbf{``Nanoassembly of Fractal Polymer..'', } 2006. Follow ``a fractal-character showed in gelatin-base bio-nanocomposite/fluorapatite in gelatin bio-nanocomposite [Fig 1.7 ] in Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzsky: \textbf{an Introduction to Bionanohybrid Materials'', }there for Erika Ercolini: \textbf{Fractal Dimnsions {\&} Localization of DNA Knots'', }\underline {PhysRevLett, } 2007 so how if \textit{fluorapatite gelatine }stands for A. Fert {\&} P. Grundberg as well as \textit{silica gel }for isopropyllithium..? \quad [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00031: "OF WEALTH CONDENSATION & MAGNETIC COMPLEXITY in SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS" R.Panji Satyagraha-MAKSOED,BE From L. Nottale's The Theory of Scale Relativity, 1991:"..above the Einstein-deBroglie wavelength &time.." & "existence of a universal,absolute & impassable scale in Nature,which is invariant under dilatation" retrieved "Scale-invariant properties of Public Debt Growth" from Alexander Petersen,et.al, EPL, v 90 n 3, 2010: "Because bankruptcy is a risk faced even by institutes as large as Governments[e.g Iceland ] National Debt should be controlled with respect to national Wealth". Furthers, in JP Bouchaud & M.Mezard:"Wealth Condensation in simple model of economy", stated:"Even in developed countries it is common that 90% of the total Wealth is owned by only 5 % of the population".Then, proposed between 2 dissertations each by Ciornei:"Role of magnetic inertia in damped macrospin dynamics", 2010 & Paul A. Conlon:"Fields, Fractals & Flares: Characterizing Magnetic Complexity in Solar Active Regions",2009 are completions through deduction between nanocomposite magnet & fractal shows in bio-nanohybrid materials through fluorapatite gelatine-based are the University of Indonesia S29286 "Kajian Analisis Model Mikromagnetik dari Struktur Magnet Nanokomposit". Ever accept appreciation from "The crystal of Knowledge" & est 1849 to 34 years old Beyonce Giselle Knowles-CARTER. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00032: Characterization of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ) and Its Effects on DNA Ek Adhikari, Sylwia Ptasinska Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets (APPJs) have been used to induce cell apoptosis in cancer treatment, tissue sterilization, and wound healing. There are several advantages of APPJs over other types of plasmas. Due to their non-thermal property, they interact with biological tissues (e.g., cells) without causing any thermal damage to them, thus contributing to\textit{ in-vivo }treatment method. In contrary to other plasma sources, the APPJ provides suitable conditions for treatment of biomolecules, which are fragile in vacuum, since it is launched into open atmosphere. Thus we can expand the range of plasma treatments including even living tissue. To explain the effects of APPJs, it is important to understand plasma interactions with fundamental biomolecules e.g., DNA. In this work, a helium APPJ source was constructed and then electrically and optically characterized for varied electrical parameters and fed gas compositions, e.g., admixtures of helium and water vapor or hydrogen peroxide. In addition, APPJ source was used to induce damage to aqueous DNA. The fraction of supercoiled, single-strand breaks and double-strand breaks in DNA were quantified by using agarose gel electrophoresis. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00033: Spectrally-Resolved Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Joshua Weber, Kevin Eliceiri Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) reveals variations in the cellular microenvironment based on how they influence the time delay between fluorophore excitation and fluorescent decay. Local metabolic activity, bonding to adjacent molecules, and oxygen concentration are examples of the many environmental factors that influence fluorescence lifetime and thus can be investigated with this technique. The addition of spectral information only adds to the utility of FLIM. Current methods of spectrally-resolved FLIM are technically complicated, expensive, and limited to a small number of spectral components. We propose an alternative method of acquiring spectrally-resolved fluorescence lifetime images. The dispersive properties of an optical fiber create a wavelength-dependent time delay that permits the characterization of the fluorescence lifetime of multiple fluorophores with a single detector. The temporal separation of fluorophore emission should allow for spectral deconvolution, and thus a relatively simple addition to an existing fluorescence lifetime imaging system could add spectral capabilities without adding much complexity or cost. With a few modifications, the technique could also be used to perform polarization-dependent lifetime measurements. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00034: Lipid interactions in the presence of ATP molecules Ryan Z. Lybarger, Bruce D. Ray, Horia I. Petrache Lipids are molecules found in biological cells containing one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic section. When immersed in water, they form multilamellar membrane structures with a regular lattice spacing (D-spacing) on the order of 5 to 15 nm. The equilibrium spacing of membranes is determined by a balance of forces that include van der Waals and electrostatics and it depends on the composition of the aqueous solution in which membranes are formed. In this work, we have used x-ray scattering and NMR spectroscopy to study how lipid interactions are modified in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the molecule involved in energy transfer in biological systems. In certain environments, such as low pH, ATP has the potential to be highly charged. We find that ATP can attach to membranes and drastically increase the lattice spacing of multilamellar membrane structures. The most likely mechanism is that ATP enhances the electrostatic repulsion of neighboring membranes and at the same time it reduces their van der Waals attraction by changes in dielectric properties of the aqueous solution. Knowledge of the physical mechanism of ATP interacting with membranes can help better understand biological processes at the lipid-water interface. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00035: Impact of periodic reversals on bacterial protein exchange Aboutaleb Amiri, Amy Buchmann, Joshua Shrout, Mark Alber Collective motion has been observed in groups of many living organisms such as herd of birds, school of fish, swarms of insects and bacteria. Swarming behavior of the bacterium {\it Myxococcus xanthus} which is among the most social bacteria, will be discussed in this talk. Experimental observations suggest that {\it M. xanthus} bacteria share certain outer membrane proteins when they are in physical contact. The exchange of protein may help bacteria coordinate their swarming behavior in order to survive the harsh conditions or prey on other bacteria. Combination of computer simulations and cell tracking from experimental data is used to show that periodic reversals of direction of motion of individual bacterium at specific frequency is essential for the population to optimize exchange of the proteins. This model prediction is confirmed in experiment. The outer membrane proteins include those involved in bacterial motility system, and their efficient exchange promotes collective behavior of the cells and expansion rate of the population. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00036: Thermal Load Optimization of "Spherical" Targets in Neutrino Oscillation Experiment Ryan Goode The Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF, formerly the Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment) is a next generation neutrino oscillation experiment, with primary objectives to search for CP violation in the leptonic sector, to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to provide a precise measurement of ?23. The facility will generate a neutrino beam at Fermilab by the interaction of a proton beam with a target material, which must dissipate the c.20 kW heat load that will be deposited at the ultimate anticipated proton beam power of 2.3 MW. Currently various cooling schemes are implemented to alleviate these thermal loads and to ensure the health of the target. A fully optimized target could enable higher-power neutrino beams where there is, at present, no demonstrably survivable target. Furthermore, this type of target could increase the yield of usable neutrinos from a given beam power by allowing smaller proton beam sizes and more efficient focusing through the horn systems. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00037: ``FUSION/FISSION In MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS'' WH- Maksoed Mitochondria contain of the order of 1400 different proteins as 2 membrane-enclosed organelle instead in JE Dominy{\&}PPuigserver:'' \textbf{Mitchondrial Biogenesis through Activation of Nuclear Signaling Proteins'' }stated ``Fusion {\&} fission aloow the incorporation of mtDNA..''. From ``fusion/fission factors regulating mitochondrial'' {\&} ``mitochondrial-driven themogenesis'' denotes ``mitochondrial dynamics {\&} carbonaceous chondrite'' contains 600 organic compounds of stony (non-metalic ) meteorites imply Tony SKYRME who discovers skyrmion/dromion- sinceWW II dromedary duty delivers. Refers to mesoscopic physics, FQHE {\&} multifractals, for those non-metalic sought `` such as the persistent current in isolated mesoscopic normal metal rings penetrates by an AB[Aharonov-Bohm] flux''- Zhu {\&} Wang, \underline {Phys. Rev. A, }, v 53,n 1. For gauge/group theory, MC Dramantini, \textit{et.al} explains: ``zero-temperature physics of planar Josephson junction array in the self-dual approximation is governed by an Abelian gauge theory..'' guides Prof. Sediono MP Tjondronegoro to the Max Planck Society. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00038: ``OXYFUSION {\&} Protein-Polymer Assemblies'' Widastra Hidajatullah-MAKSOED Under courtesies of ``protein-polymer assemblies'' from P Tanner,2011 are from Hao Zeng, :\textbf{''Exchange-coupled Nanocomposite Magnets \textellipsis ':}``both FePt {\&} Fe$_{\mathrm{3}}$O$_{\mathrm{4\thinspace }}$particles are incorporated in nanometer-scale building blocks into binary-assemblies'', 2002 in considers R. Savic 2003:''block copolymer micelles ..'' and G Richard Newkome -- intends to relates ``dengan Kerajaan itu maka sucilah\textellipsis '' notions -- statements:''Mathematics {\&} Arts converge in the fractal forms that also abound in Nature..'', \textbf{``Nanoassembly of Fractal Polymer\textellipsis '', }2006 thought ``are protein-polymer assemblies fractal building block copolymer..?''. Instead in Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky: \textbf{``Introduction to Bio-nanohybrid Materials:'' }a fractal character showed in gelatin-based bio-nanocomposites'', Fig 1.7 -- for ``allowing the biopolymer to skip {\&} diffuse during dewetting, forming the final branched fractal structure..'' in AF Lubambo:''\textbf{Dewetting Patterns {\&} Stability of thin Xyloglucan \textellipsis '' }then retrieved the OXYFUSION by ``KOMPAS''Liable Officers whereas to Indian Ocean Rim Initiatives we can adopts INDONESIA Incorporates\textellipsis [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00039: ``From Nassau Senior to Occidental Andina, LLC through Inverse function $f(x) =$\textit{ cos}$^{-1\thinspace }$\textit{[2x-3]/5''} WH- Maksoed Accompanying synthetic philosophy from Herbert Spencer, from Nassau W. Senior[E.F. Schumacher: \textbf{``Kecil itu Indah''} , h 1 ]'s Economics as if People Mattered described. Further, there was distinction between ``\textit{education of leisure'' }{\&} ``\textit{transfer of technology'' }[\textit{ibid., }h 13 ]. Instead ``fractal-characters'' showed in Fig 1.7 through ``fluorapatite in gelatine-based bio-nanocomposites [Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzsky,\textit{et.al}: ``\textbf{An Introduction to Bio-nanohybrid materials''.} Retrieves NSW {\&} Wallis Simpson Spencer also concerning Oranje-Nassau Energy, Ltd. After similar depictions between Occidental Petroleum, Corps' coat of arm to oxygen, genealogies {\&} \textit{in lieu eugenic }, herewith surgery between dumb-bell fractal type and the University of Indonesia letterhead through $f(x) =$\textit{ cos}$^{-1\thinspace }$\textit{[( 2 x -- 3 )/5] }curve --K. Martono: \textbf{``Kalkulus'', }1992 , h 116 with $f^{-1\thinspace }(x) =$\textit{ 2.5 cos x }$+$\textit{ 1.5 }{\&} $f(N) = N^{-1\thinspace }$characters of fractal/multifractals expression inter-occurrence from K. Christensen, \textit{et.al }whereas OXY also comprises Occidental Andina,LLC for instance. \quad \quad [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00040: ``To Rabi Hamiltonian through their Time Dependent Terms can be Reckons as Fractals'' Liviana CHERLISA For light-matters interactions, ever replies by theLate HE. Mr. Prof M. Barmawi through Bose-Einstein condensates matter-waves ever retrieves [Boyce {\&} DiPrima, 2015] instead of Richard Courant cq HE. Mr. Prof. Sudjoko Danusubroto's LKTM, Lustrum VI ITB, March 2, 1984. Follows ``Modified kernel to Quantum systems thorough Laplace inverse transformation'' whereas ``karyon'' in prokaryotes/eukaryotes meant as well as `kernel' , have been sought for `growth curve' {\&} `potential of proton to other protons' the time dependent terms cos ($\omega $t)exp[-i$\omega_{\mathrm{o}}$t] whose integration y $=$ sin $\omega $t $+$ c proves to be fractals \textless atomlight.pdf\textgreater h. 3 guided by Rabi Hamiltonian from Isidor Isaac Rabi,1944. Accompanying ``the Theory of Scale Relativity'' from Laurent Nottale/LUTH, the proofs of considerances whereas `time also are fractals', from Norways for Infra OMAN soughts a benchmark portfolio from Kjell Storvik, 2004:\textbf{''Socially Responsible Investment Strategies for the Norwegian Petroleum Fund'' }whereas the Rabi frequency ? $=$ 2 $\varepsilon $.d$_{\mathrm{eg}}$/h can be relatively in comparisons expressed of capacitive [E.d/h]. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00041: Functionalization of Graphene via Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet. Weixin Huang Graphene, the two-dimensional sp$^{\mathrm{2}}$ -hybridized carbon, has received significant attention due to its unusual physical and chemical properties. Its zero band gap, however, weakens the competitive strength of graphene to achieve semiconducting behavior. Functionalization of graphene that deforms the band structure of graphene can result in a metal-semiconductor transition. We report our investigations on functionalization of single layer graphene using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) that can generate a variety of reactive plasma species at near-room temperatures. An APPJ was ignited in He and used for treatment of monolayer graphene surfaces. These surfaces were analyzed by ultra-high vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The obtained C 1s XPS spectra allowed identification of formed surfaces species (C-OH, C-O-C, C$=$O, and COOH) and demonstrated that the growth rate of a specific oxygen species depends on exposure time of plasma treatment. Plasma-treated graphene films containing more than 40{\%} oxygen content were obtained in the atmospheric environment. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00042: Effects of organic halides and substrates on the perovskite crystal growth. Subha Sadhu, Weixin Huang, Sylwia Ptasinska Fabrications of a crystalline perovskite thin film on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrates have enormous significance in the area of photoelectrochemical (PEC) research, owning to its unique optoelectronic properties. Though there are numerous reports of synthesis of inorganic-organic perovskite crystals, our understanding of the basic properties and the chemistry behind the growth of these nanocrystals remain still to be the major challenge. In this contribution, we have investigated the influence of organic halides on the nucleation and growth of crystalline perovskite thin films on different substrates. Morphological and optical properties of these films were studied by using several experimental techniques. The as-synthesized methyl ammonium lead iodide thin film exhibits a strong absorption peak at \textasciitilde 500 nm and a sharp absorption edge due to well-ordered microstructures. Comparing the relative intensities of the Raman band at 110 cm-1 the inhomogeneity of the film in the microscale was exposed to be caused by different degradation rates at the grain boundary. Our study aims in achieving uniform perovskite thin films on various TCO substrates, which can be used for construction of improved PEC devices. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00043: Developing Students' Research Skills throughout the Undergraduate Physics Laboratory Curriculum Joseph Kozminski In November 2014, the AAPT Executive Board officially endorsed the "AAPT Recommendations for the Undergraduate Laboratory Curriculum.'' The recommendations are broadly written set of objectives, experiences, and learning outcomes for the introductory and advanced (i.e. beyond first year) physics lab curricula that can be implemented at any college or university. This document promotes the development of skills and competencies critical for the research environment as well as future employment in a range of job sectors. This poster will provide an overview of the Recommendations and will address how they can be implemented and used to prepare the next generation of experimental physicists. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00044: Preliminary Analysis: Measuring Atmospheric High-Energy Photons Using an Array of Detectors Ryan Sink, Nick Devor, Christopher Fasano The atmosphere has proven to be an interesting laboratory where high energy photons are produced via a variety of physical processes. These photons provide a window to observe atmospheric processes and their production methods are deeply connected to the dynamics of the atmosphere, whether it be clear sky or thunderstorms. We report on a multi-year, continuing measurement of photons using an array of detectors that range from southern Wisconsin to eastern Iowa. We focus on early results and analysis techniques to control for interesting backgrounds and connections to other datasets, like the lightning strike data reported by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). We also describe the continuing analysis and the next generation of detectors we plan to deploy. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00045: Computational Modeling of Nano Diode-like Heterostructures and Their Catalytic Performance for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Taegyun Kim, Haiying He, Stan Zygmunt Catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are at the heart and remain a great challenge of electrochemical processes such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. We have constructed diode-like heterostructure as potential ORR catalysts using four atom metal clusters (electron-poor) anchored on a graphene sheet (electron-rich). We have considered eight transition and noble metals including Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au. The charge transfer from the metal cluster to the graphene is well correlated with their electronegativity. As an initial test of the catalytic behavior of these heterostructures, we have calculated the oxygen adsorption. Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pt, and Pd metallic clusters with graphene all favor O$_{2}$ dissociative chemical adsorption, suggesting a preference of the dissociative mechanism for ORR. The implication of the calculated O binding energy to oxygen reduction activity will also be discussed. [Preview Abstract] |
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