Session C03: New Directions

The proof of the existence of the constant rest mass for photons in several ways

The photoelectric effect proves that the light must be consisting of particles and on the other hand the wave nature of light was shown through the double-slit experiment of Thomas Young. In this experiment, we could observe the interference fringes that justify the light as a wave. But we know that the constant mass of the electron was proven and electron, the same as photon, have interference fringes in the double-slit experiment. Therefore, there is at least one example that a particle with constant rest mass has interference fringes in the double-slit experiment and the removal of constant rest mass, for photon, is not a good solution to answer the observance of interference fringes in the double-slit experiment. In this paper, we explain different real examples in different branches of physics to demonstrate violations in the Conservation of mass and energy principle, such as: The relationship between temperature of a cavity and the wavelength of the emitted spectrum of a solid-state laser, the dependence of the performance of solar cells and the wavelengths of light, etc. It seems that we need to use a new theory about photon to improve all branches of physics which encounter with photon.   

Mushroom Cultivation Market Dynamics and Biostatistical Analysis

In modern agriculture, mushrooms have been established as one of the world’s most in-demand crops for their ubiquity and diversity. From human consumption to medicinal uses, mushrooms have played a significant role in the human diet. In this paper, the global mushroom market and mushroom cultivation for poverty reduction is studied. Statistical analysis to determine the trend of the market growth was also performed considering various factors. Such factors include the various health benefits of mushrooms, cost-effective production, and changes in the universal preference for organic food products in accordance with a high demand for vegetarian diet. Using an open-source molecular editing program equipped with a biochemical component analysis module, biophysical and biochemical properties of the mushroom products were studied. This software allows users to virtually build a molecule and optimize its geometrical properties according to various force field options.   

Study on Antiviral Agents Using Theoretical and Computational Simulations: Potential of Synthetic and Non-synthetic Drugs to Treat Virus Infection

In this project, we assessed the thermodynamical and stereochemical properties of several types of drugs that can be used for virus treatment. An open-source molecular editing program equipped with an auto-optimization feature was used for the analysis. Commercial synthetic drugs and antibiotics produced in nature by plants were studied to model, optimize, and compare the resulting molecular optimization energies of the derivatives. To define the efficiencies of the antibiotics, this research focused on calculating the optimized energy, finding the dipole moment which is caused by different values of electronegativity of different atoms in a molecule and obtaining electrostatic potential map diagram that shows any charge-related details of a molecule. Optimization configurations were collected in order to compare each chemical compound's stability. This research focused on the antiviral effects of synthetic and non-synthetic drugs to treat virus infection and their therapeutic potential against severe acute respiratory syndrome using theoretical and computational simulations.   

Biophysical Properties of the Essential Flavaglines as Antiviral Agents

Instead of synthetic polymers and other inorganic particulates, scientists are now focusing on multimodal nano-scaled molecules as antiviral agents. The new molecules can reduce the Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) in affected cells which can have detrimental effects, such as stressing and damaging the cell structures. In this paper, Flavaglines, which is a common name of cyclopenta[b]benzofurans found in plants of the genus Aglaia, were theoretically and computationally analyzed to assess their pharmacological activities. Antiviral effects against several types of viruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus were also biophysically studied. To find optimized energy of the molecules, an auto optimize tool which continuously optimizes molecular geometry through molecular mechanics was employed. Also the electrostatic potential maps were calculated to visualize charge distribution and other charge related properties of molecules. Finally, dipole moments which are caused by different values of electronegativity of different atoms in a molecule were calculated. Calculations show a few compounds converge easily, which makes them suitable to use as biochemical compounds in the antiviral agents.   

Artificial Neural Network Technique to Find Optimal Weights in the Network System

In this paper, to design a network that can predict the output from input data or experimental measurements and hidden layers, an artificial neural network technique was studied. Using a graphical user interface, Neural Network Fitting App and MATLAB programming, an algorithm to minimize the error signal caused by train epoch was employed to perform the research. In this paper, GUI in the MATLAB were used for the test set sensitive AI neural network analysis by introducing training data sets associated with an experiment. Since this data requires a proper statistical method in which the fitting model exactly matches the data, the least squares method was used to minimize the sum of the squares of the deviations between the assumed model and the actual data. After the network has been trained, an artificial neural network was used to compute the network outputs, errors and overall performance. Each time a neural network is trained, a different solution was obtained due to different initial weight values, train epoch and different test sets.   

Evaluation of OCR Accuracy by Removing Motion Blur with Generative Adversarial Networks and Noise Reduction Using LPFs

In the context of assistive technology, OCR(Optical Character Recognition) can translate photos to text to speech, which enables individuals with visual impairment and/or linguistic deficiency to gain better access to the information within street signs, physical books, and other forms of common text. However, the program does not take into account vertical and lateral motion blur caused by spontaneous vibrations, hand movement. breathing, and other issues commonly associated with photography This research attempts to remove motion blur from images and increase the accuracy resulting from common OCR programs. The photos were taken in a way that resembled images taken by individuals suffering from muscle sclerosis and/or HAVS(Hand-arm vibration syndrome), and passed through a derivative of a generative adversarial network. The final photos were visually checked, then fed into an OCR(Text to Speech) program to test for accuracy compared to the original unblurred photos. Also, using the MATLAB program, Low Pass Filters (LFPs) were applied to the same images tested above to examine their effect on the digital imaging process. Comparisons of the functions that helped to determine the most effective filter, which was used to create a noise reduction model, has been made.   

Study on the Electrical Properties of the Nanoparticles in the Active Layer in Organic Solar Cell

Sustainable energy is an important field of research amidst the 21st century energy crisis. Organic polymer-based solar cells(OSCs) have been found to be new and better alternatives to inorganic cells in several ways due to their advantageous qualities such as light weight, flexibility and lower manufacturing costs. In this research, a nano technology has been used in the electrochemical fields where an organic solar cell produces electricity from sunlight by the photovoltaic effect. Light absorption and charge of the cell were studied and modeled by creating conductive organic polymers using a molecular editing program. To define the efficiencies of the nanoparticles, this research focuses on calculating the optimized energy, finding the dipole moment which is caused by different values of electronegativity of different atoms in a molecule and obtaining electrostatic potential map diagram that shows any charge-related details of a molecule. In the modeling the active layer of the solar cell unit, the organic polymer molecules are assumed to dispersed before the polymers are polarized to electron donors and acceptors in the OSCs.