Five Robust Reasons for the Real and Actual Speed of Photons in the Universe

The birthplace of a photon is an electron orbiting around the atomic nucleus. When we induce energy changes in the electron; exciting an electron, it emits a photon. Therefore, the photon undergoes projectile motion. However, the electron rotates at a speed close to the speed of light around the nucleus, and the combination of this motion with the projectile motion of the photon results in the released photon having both rotational and linear motion simultaneously. The combination of these two paths creates a helical path. The true speed of the photon is, in fact, the speed in this helical path, which can be calculated.

In this paper, we will calculate the actual and true speed of photons using five reasons. These five reasons include the following:

    1.    Calculation of the wave velocity of photons

    2.    The Michigan and MIT experiment

    3.    Max Planck’s energy formula

    4.    Young’s double-slit experiment

    5.    The motion and generation model of photons