The physical basis of using MRI for detecting cancer and pre-cancer cells*

As one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, cancer continues to be a major challenge for medical professionals. One of the most powerful techniques to detect cancer development in a patient is the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Therefore, it is vital to understand how Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) measurements can differentiate pre-neoplastic cells or cancer cells from normal cells. In this presentation, we will start by reviewing the history of the development of the spin-echo NMR technique for cancer detection. We will then delve into the physical mechanism that allows the NMR measurement to distinguish cancer or pre-cancer cells from normal cells. It is important to note that the contrast of an MRI image is mainly based on differences in nuclear relaxation times (T1 and T2) rather than the cellular water content. Currently, there is active interest in understanding the mechanisms behind the relaxation time changes of water protons during cancer development. In this talk, we will review several possible physical mechanisms that could explain the relaxation time changes between normal cells and cancer cells. By understanding these mechanisms, we can improve the accuracy and effectiveness of cancer detection using MRI technology.