Theory of Surface Orbital Magnetization*

The theory of bulk orbital magnetization has been formulated both in reciprocal space based on Berry curvature and related quantities, and in real space in terms of the spatial average of a local marker. Here we consider a three-dimensional antiferromagnetic material having a vanishing bulk but a nonzero surface orbital magnetization. We ask whether the surface-normal component of the surface magnetization is well defined, and if so, how to compute it. As the physical observable corresponding to this quantity, we identify the macroscopic current running along a hinge shared by two facets. However, the hinge current only constrains the difference of the surface magnetizations on the adjoined facets, leaving a potential ambiguity. By performing a symmetry analysis, we find that only crystals exhibiting a pseudoscalar symmetry admit well-defined magnetizations at their surfaces. We then explore the possibility of computing surface magnetization via a coarse-graining procedure applied to a local marker. We show that multiple expressions for the local marker exist, and apply constraints to filter out potentially meaningful candidates. Using several tight-binding models as our theoretical test bed and several potential markers, we compute surface magnetizations for slab geometries and compare their predictions with explicit calculations of the macroscopic hinge currents of rod geometries. We find that only a particular form of the marker consistently predicts the correct hinge currents.

[1] D. Seleznev and D. Vanderbilt, "Towards a theory of surface orbital magnetization," Phys. Rev. B 107, 115102 (2023)