Session Q32: General Physics I

Improved Formula for Big “G” and Derivation of the Quark of Model from the GEM ( Grandis Et Medianis) Unification theory.

The GEM theory is a combination of the Kaluza-Klein and Sakharov-Puthoff  concepts for unification of the two long-range forces of nature Gravity and EM and is based on two postulates 1. Gravity fields can be conceptualized as an array of ExB familiar from plasma physics. 2. The separate appearance of Gravity and EM fields is correlated with the separation of protons from electrons with the deployment of a hidden Kaluza-Klein 5^th dimension.  This model leads to a highly accurate formula for G , the Newton Gravitation Constant, as well as the proton mass in terms of the Planck Mass. It will be shown that the Quark Model for the proton can also be derived from  this model and that the ratio m_p/m_e is hidden in the Stefan Boltzmann constant and this connection is due to Planckian Gluon Fields in the proton.(1)

J.E. Brandenburg , Fundamental Journal of Modern Physics,Volume 20, Issue 1, (2023), Pages 1-23    

Unification of Gravity and Electromagnetism

Gravity and Electromagnetism are two sides of the same coin, which is the clue of this unification. Gravity and electromagnetism are represented by two mathematical structures, Symmetric and antisymmetric respectively. Einstein gravitational field equation is the symmetric mathematical structure. Electrodynamics Lagrangian is three parts, for electromagnetic field, Dirac field and interaction term. The definition of canonical energy momentum tensor was used for each term in electrodynamics Lagrangian to construct the antisymmetric mathematical structure; symmetric and antisymmetric gravitational field equation are two sides of the same Lagrangian.   

Toward extracting scattering phase shift from integrated correlation function in lattice QCD

In this talk, a relation that connects the integrated correlation function of a trapped two-particle system to infinite volume particles scattering phase shift is presented. It has the potential to provide an alternative approach for extracting two-particle scattering phase shift from integrated correlation function in lattice simulation at small Euclidean time region. Both (i) perturbation calculation of 1+1 dimensional lattice Euclidean field theory model of fermions interacting with a contact interaction and (ii) Monte Carlo simulation of a 1D exactly solvable quantum mechanics model are carried out to test the proposed relation. In contrast to conventional two-step approach of extracting energy levels from temporal correlation function in lattice simulation at large Euclidean time first and then applying Lüscher formula to convert energy levels into scattering phase shifts, we show that the difference of integrated correlation functions between interacting and noninteracting trapped systems converges rapidly to infinite volume limit that is given in terms of scattering phase shifts at small Euclidean time region.   

Universal Mechanics – A Different and Unique Approach to Unify Everything

In this APS March Meeting 2024, I am presenting a very new and unique approach to unify everything in theoretical physics by reconsidering and generalising each and every fundamental physical entity, principle, and law, which contributes a lot in physical world. I am also defining some very new concepts and ideologies to build this mechanism. Some generalised principles and terms are unknown to you, but no need to worry, those are also deeply connected to the roots of physics and I will try to prove that connection by some existing experiments. Gradually by building some base of this theoretical perspective, I move towards unification of Microscopic and Macroscopic Scale theories (General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics), which I have already published and presented in previous APS March and April Meetings of 2022-23. After that, I am moving on Unification of All fundamental Interactions by specifying and generalising different type of fundamental interactions. A glimpse of this unification was presented by me in previous APS March and April Meetings. After that, I will move to the mechanics building approaches and different applications of this mechanism and ways to prove these various new and beautiful concepts by experiments.   

Geometric Quantization and Extreme Deformation over the Universes

I. Part: Geometric quantization

The heat equation is a kernel: u = exp(-x²/2t) /√2πt, where x-Space, t-Time. We rewrite the heat kernel to a complexified form: u= [exp(i x/√2t)]²/√2πt. Using Euler formula: 2 cos(x/√2t)= exp(i x/√2t) + exp(-i x/√2t) and 2i sin(x/√2t)= exp(i x/√2t) - exp(-i x/√2t), then the heat kernel becomes a triangle complex function u = f(cosθ, i sinθ) where θ=x/√2t, which lead the complexification of unifying Space-Time. Let t=1/(2π) be a standard variable unit, and let it be realized on a complex circle S¹. We obtain an explicit complex representation of geometric quantization: u = w(cosθ + i sinθ) and its conjugation u = w(cosθ - i sinθ), and also there exist an important reflection u → - 1/u. As a result, we finished total geometric quantization processes.  Now we can prove that the Mass = sinθ, the Velocity V= (r_coh)², after unifying, we give a theoretical framework: G ○M ○V = Id =1, which constructs main frame of the Generalized Newton's Laws (GNL), which presented in the CAP(Canada Physics Associate) congress 2019 by Zhi-An Luan. Most important results of the GNL contain that M=√(1- V/4) , V=4(1-M²). Using these formula, we can explicitly give the Mass and Velocity of fundamental particles.

II. Part: Complexified Courant algebroids

It well known that the exact Courant algebroid: TM = TM + T^*M, which is direct product of tangent bundle and cotangent bundle, which realized in complex torus as tan(θ) + cot(θ), as √3 + 1/√3. The Courant courants play an important role in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. I propose a new theory of CA - Complexified Courant algebroid (CCA). Using compexification of Courant algebroid, we have a T-Duality symmetric difference TG= TG + i T^*G, and its conjugation  TG^' = TG - i T*G . In a complex plane we obtain realizations on complex circle (torus) as √5 - 1/√5, which has a periodic form: u=2n+√5- 1/(2n+√5) and v=2n-√5 -1/(2n-√5). When n=1, then u=v= 4. Same time, 2+√3 +  1/(2+√3) = 2-√3 + 1/(2-√3) = 4. 

III. Part: Applications

Three quantum orbits in the Universes:

i. Original orbit M=√3 /2, V=4(1-3/4)=1, Abelian orbit without any deformation;  

ii. Normal stable deformed orbit M=1/2, V=4(1-1/4)=3, which is measurable at Earth;

iii.  Extreme orbit r_coh= √V= √5 =2.236 > radius of large circle 2, mass M=√(1-5/4)= i/2 - a complex number. It is a Black-Hole.

Black-Hole can escape, and can return.   

On Geometric Quantization of Universes and Gravitational Constant Variety

The geometric quantization commutes with (dimensional) reduction, exactly. Reduction theory is crucial in geometry and theoretical physics, which reconciles the abstract concept of symmetry of a system with the practical implication of changes of variables to simplify the system. The geometric quantization can precisely recover the topological geometric monodromy.

I. this paper discovers several fundamental monodromies, which are independent on experimental measurements with dimension.

1. gravitational constant G= 2/3.

2. reduced Planck constant h= 2π√3.

3. Boltzmann constant K_B = 8√3. Clearly, gcd(h, K_B) = 2√3.

4. Escape velocity v_esc = √5/2. 

II. this paper discovers that in 2-D case of circle S¹, Length l_n/ Area a_n = 2/3 √3 = G√3 as 2π√3 / π(√3)² =  2/√3= 2/3 √3= G√3, it means G=2/3. However, in 3-D sphere or polytopes, Surface s_n / Volume v_n = √3, it means that for 3-D case, G√3= √3, then G=1, which shows a non-trivial gravity. Here we compute all 3-D polytopes, as Cube, Sphere, Tetrahedron, Octahedron, Dodecahedron, Icosahedron.

III. we construct a T-Duality Courant Algebroid, where the standard Courant Algebroid is of form: TM= TM + T^*M, the T-Duality Courant Algebroid is of form: DT-TM= TM - T^*M. The physical realizations of Courant Algebroid and T-Duality Courant Algebroid have essential differential representations: for Courant Algebroid, 2n ± √3 + 1/(2n ± √3); for T-Duality Courant Algebroid, 2n ± √5 - 1/(2n ± √5)). But if n=1, we have: 

2± √3 + 1/(2± √3) = 2± √5 - 1/(2± √5) = 4. This monodromy 4 is just maximal limit light velocity rather than measurement value 3x...km/s.

VI. From the T-Duality Courant Algebroid, we discover that the escape phenomena is just original image of the Black- Holes, which will completely solve the analytical representation of the Black-Hole problems. As a start point of escape mutation, the escape velocity √5/2 arises extremel deformation orbits: √5/2 + 1/2 = φ = 1.618, √5/2 - 1/2 = φ -1 = 0.618. We found that φ² = 1 + φ Eq.:

φ² - φ - 1 = 0, there exist two roots: φ = √5/2 ± 1/2, which are Real Number solutions, i.e. the Black-Hole is observable or visual. However for normal deformation of the universe, there exists a domain: √3 → 1/√3, there exist complex roots: β = 1/2 ± i√3, which is not observable or visual, its equation is β² - β +1 = 0.

Conclusion: Black-Hole is a escaping Universe, new Universe is a return of BH.    

Oral: Plasmon-driven high-energy light-matter interaction

Ultrahigh-energy light-matter interaction is of great interest in a wide range of applications including high-harmonic generation, ion acceleration, and laser-driven fusion. Recent works have shown that nanostructured materials have potential to enhance such an interaction. In this work, we theoretically investigate laser interaction with resonant gold nanoparticles. We employ particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to study the role of plasmon excitation on high-intensity (10¹⁶ - 10²⁰ Wcm^‒2) laser-nanostructure interaction. We study temporal dynamic of plasmon excitation with laser pulses of different duration and intensity. We observe the plasmon excitation with field enhancement near the plasmon resonance frequency excitation in the vicinity of the nanostructure. We further rediscuss the implications of such interaction for electron density evolution and generation of higher harmonics. Our work can pave the way to a better control over high intensity laser-plasma interactions.

    

Amending General Relativity

There is a spatial dimension missing from the Einstein equations. This dimension is as real as the other three spatial dimensions and can be visualized. Universe expansion in this dimension explains the illusion of dark energy. Math validation would show how the dimension expands with respect to decreasing mass density is equivalent to dark energy. When the Universe began, all matter and energy was confined to a tightly bound volume resulting in near infinite spacetime curvature. As the universe expanded mass density and curvature decreased. This resulted in Universe expansion in two directions – parallel and normal to the path of light. This is demonstrated by a tetherball: the curved path of light is represented by the ball moving around the pole. Movement away from the pole represents Universe expansion normal to the path of light. The rope keeps the ball from flying off from the pole. There is something yet unknown that keeps matter and energy from flying into the added dimension. Some matter and energy leaks into and out of the added dimension resulting in far reaching implications. One possibility is the unification of the space used for quantum mechanics and general relativity where a set of algorithms equally applies to both. This might be a steppingstone to the theory of everything. Low hanging fruit from such would be more efficient fusion reactors and superconductivity. Rather and unifying QM and GR the path would be the unify the definition of space. Visualization comes from imagining how the new dimension expands.   

Title: A bi-level stochastic liner shipping network design optimization considering seasonal water level fluctuations

Inland port capacities are profoundly influenced by prevailing weather conditions, primarily attributed to water level fluctuations. During severe droughts or floods, the utilization of planned barge and tug sizes becomes constrained. This study addresses the intricate challenge of liner shipping network design, encompassing the determination of optimal sailing routes, effective management of return journeys, repositioning of empty containers and vessels, all while accommodating the stochastic element of seasonal water level fluctuations.

To tackle this multifaceted problem, we employ an operational research approach utilizing a two-stage mixed-integer non-linear programming framework. The model is formulated as a capacitated flow maximization problem, incorporating the critical aspects of empty vessel routing and turnaround time optimization. Benders decomposition, a specialized technique, is leveraged to attain an exact optimal solution for the decision variables. To illustrate the model's efficacy, we present a case study involving multiple scenarios, replicating the impact of water level fluctuations on liner shipping operations. This research provides valuable insights and tools for optimizing liner shipping networks in the face of variable and unpredictable environmental conditions. The results of this study suggest the use of optimally sized flatbed barges to mitigate the hindrances caused by severe water level fluctuations as a recourse.   

Exceptional points treatments to nanoscale open quantum systems

We study the applicability of exceptional points at nanoscale. Non-Hermitian quantum mechanics is a popular way of treating open quantum systems which is employed in many fields of theoretical research from optics, opto-mechanics, and polaritonics, to quantum field theory, molecular physics, and quantum transport. The most non-trivial physics happens at and in vicinity of degeneracies of the spectrum of a non-Hermitian operator, exceptional points (EPs). We discuss exceptional points of a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian (HEPs) and Liouvilian (LEPs) using generic models (two vibrational modes in a cavity for HEPs and driven two-level system in a thermal environment for LEPs). Starting from the exact nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) description, we analyze approximations employed to arrive at either HEPs through formulation of an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian or LEPs through the Bloch quantum master equation (QME). In particular, we point to inconsistencies of the EP approaches in accounting for projections of self-energies (HEP includes retarded projection but disregards lesser/greater projections of the same self-energy; LEP includes lesser/greater projections but disregards retarded projection) and to the Markov character of the approaches. Limitations of the exceptional point treatments are illustrated with numerical simulations.   

Interaction, measurement, and the trick of quantum entanglement

Interaction is a fundamental property of the physical world, occurring between two or more entities. According to our current understanding, fundamental interactions are extremely complex. Even the simplest interactions involve multiple-order, up to infinite, increasingly complicated physical processes. Fundamental interactions all meet the requirements of the special relativity theory or the locality principle. Any interaction takes time. But, interaction in quantum mechanics is oversimplified, non-relativistic, and takes no time. If we perceive quantum mechanics from the perspective of fundamental interactions, we find that quantum mechanics does not require an interpretation. We should also comprehend quantum measurement similarly. With interaction in mind, we can intuitively understand quantum measurement, and the annoying discontinuities and probabilities are gone. Furthermore, we will find that quantum entanglement is established through interaction, but the process occurs covertly during the experiment's preparation or simultaneously. Ignoring the coherence-establishing process of the quantum entanglement will lead to an incomprehensible "non-local" view. The non-locality demonstrated in all quantum entanglement experiments comes from the synthetic global outcome of orchestrated interactions between the components. They are all little magic tricks that nature plays, creating the illusion of quantum non-locality.