Session LL05: V: General Physics II

The Superforce - a Path to Quantum Gravity?

It is found that it is the Planck Force (c⁴/G) that is the ruling force of unification, named the Superforce, which also is found in the field equations of Einstein’s General Relativity (GR)  theory. In this manner, the Superforce unites the world of the very small (quantum field theory) with the world of the very large (GR), thus accounting for a feasible theory of Quantum Gravity. Moreover this Superforce indicates that it is by its very action on the local spatial-temporal geometric structure that Energy Density and hence Matter is created.

If you carefully observe Einstein’s gravitational field equations (General Relativity (GR)) , you note that the stress-energy tensor is coupled to the geometry of curved spacetime by a scalar factor, on the order of (G / c⁴), where G is the universal gravitational constant and c is the speed of light in a given medium.

A simple dimensional analysis shows that the inverse of this coupling scalar constant has the units of energy divided by length, thus as an energy gradient the scalar (c⁴ / G) has the units of a Force – we shall call it the Superforce (S_F) . Mathematically, GR can be re-written as G_uv  ~ [1 / S_F] T_uv, where G_uv is the Einstein tensor and T_uv is the stress-energy tensor.

 

Moreover, if you carefully look at the mathematical structure of the Planck Force, you realize that this is the Superforce, and it does not contain h–bar, namely the modified (reduced) Planck constant, therefore it can relate to a quantum phenomenon exhibiting Macroscopic classical behavior, namely a Macroscopic Quantum Phenomenon.

 

                                                                                                     S_F  ~ m_P c² / L_P  ~ M_U c² / R_U                                                                                (1)

 

Equation 1 shows that the Superforce equals the Energy gradient for both the Planck scale and the Horizon (Cosmic) scale in that S_F  ~ 10⁴⁴  ~ (10⁵³ 10¹⁷) / 10²⁶ , where M_U , R_U are the mass and radius of the observable Universe. This fact can not be a mere coincidence and shows that indeed the Superforce acts as the Bridge between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, namely the Realms of the very large and that of the very small (QG).   

A Newtonian Explanation of the Rotational Spectrum of Diatomic Atoms

In quantum mechanics, the interpretation given to microwave molecular spectra is the quantized rotator.  Building on the work of Russian scientists, we will give a Newtonian derivation of the same spectra by treating the bond as having a twisting rotational inertia, which is produced by a finite propagation speed of the electric force.  We will show the close agreement of theory with experimental values.   

On the universality of Performance and the Singularity nature of Time.

Abstract: 

This paper presents a new approach to the study of time. It involves the direct application of 'Performance Theory' to the field of Physics.Through the agency of the utility-productivity performance equation, nature - when modelled as a naturally occuring productive system, is shown to require a unique time-singularity as its basic transfer function. Consequently, it is shown that the time-singularity describes nature as a natural occuring oscillator allowing not only all entities within the universe to exist in time, but to allow oscillatory time itself to be the basis of all such existance. Hence, this paper aims to present and prove the hypothesis: all entities in the universe have the exact same nature in time as time itself, 

The paper presents the utility of resource 'Mu' (u ) productivity of process 'Eta' (h ) performance equation* P = uh  to be a universal measure in assessing the performance of any productive system (natural or synthetic) of general form uh = 1/hu . This performance measure is equally valid when measuring performance either in any forward-time sense P = uh or in any reverse-time sense 1/hu = (P )*-1. Thus, this bi-directionality suggests  time itself must also be bi-directional in nature. This is based (on the simple) premise that all things in nature exist within a realm of time.

 

Planck's relationship E=hf is subsequently called upon (as prima-facie evidence) and used in proof that a single timeline is a bi-directional entity and that such bi-directionality results directly from the existance of a time-singularity in nature of form O = (+ - it)*-1 .

 

The subsequent nature of a universal time field (+ - it)*-1 is investigated and expected performance behaviours (predictions) of entities acting within this time field are made.

The above suggests Three Causality Experiments involving #1(mirror inversion), #2 (film inversion), #3 (positron annhilation). Proof is given a singular transfer function of form: O = (+ - it)*-1 is all that is required to fully explain all results. 

 

The paper concludes with a need for new physics ('tsp') - one based on the singularity nature of time (+ - it)*-1 .

 

*Kennedy, R.D. (2009). First Principles of Performance Measurement and the Utility-Productivity Performance Equation.  https://iea.org.au/

 (RESOURCES, Journals and news letters, New Engineer-2009-May, pg16-pg19   

New Developments and Insights into the Black Hole Light-absorption Mechanism

The Weitzenbock spacetime supports the idea that black holes can absorb electromagnetic energy and expand. This explains black hole expansion. This principle is essential to understanding black hole growth. This space-time is distinguished from others by its torsion tensor, which is made of four parallel vector fields. A unique feature of this space-time. Another characteristic is absolute parallelism, or the vanishing curvature tensor. Parallel vector fields form both tensors, with the other as its major component. This essential element creates tensors. Both features must be considered and analyzed to fully characterize Weitzenbock space-time. To successfully integrate the idea that black holes absorb light, it must be established. The theory has been called "new general relativity" since Einstein introduced it in 1928 and remains the dominant framework for its description. The recently developed General Theory of Relativity includes c1, c2, and Einstein's constant. Recently, the General Theory of Relativity was built. The speed of light in a vacuum, c1, differs from c2 in other media. The velocity of light in a vacuum is c2, not c1. It is better for the study to assume c1,c2 →∞, which will produce an unpredictable result. We decided such action was best for us. This lets us handle this investigation in a way that benefits both parties. This paper shows three key findings: the Schwarzschild metric describes a static and spherically symmetric gravitational field; the weak-field approximation includes an antisymmetric field with zero mass and spin and gravitons; and the newly developed general theory of relativity matches all experimental results.   

Career Readiness for Physics Students (and Faculty!): A Présumé

We present the results of a campaign to improve undergraduate, and graduate, physics career development. A new industrial seminar course was created and a proposal is made based on the results from the course. The seminar arose from the need to do things early in the student years to help them in learning more about industrial and other non-academic careers and about how to populate their resumes: taking electives like economics and doing internships in industry, for instance. Our idea coming out of that seminar, which was a series of industrial physics visits, is the following: as advisors and pre-advisors we could ask even first-year students to make a practice job-specific resume and cover letter and guess what they might take to help them in preparing for a variety of careers. We give them guidance to make this a doable exercise even for the beginning student. (We are not, however, discouraging those students desiring a university academic career.) In this proposal: we call this practice resume a pre- résumé or rather - a présumé for short- the accent marks tell you how to pronounce it. We propose a program presuming early students should have a présumé. The physics présumé program.    

Exploring and Controlling Nonlinear Phi-Bit Modes in Elastic Systems for Quantum-Analogue Computing

Phi-bits are classical mechanical analogues of qubits. Comprehending the nonlinear phenomena that underlie the control and relationships between phi-bits is of utmost importance for advancing phi-bit-based quantum-analogue computing systems. Phi-bits are acoustic waves in externally driven nonlinearly coupled arrays of waveguides, that can exist in a coherent superposition of two states. Tuning the frequency, amplitude, and phase of external drivers is a means of controlling the phi-bit states. We have developed a discrete element model to analyze and predict the nonlinear phi-bit response to external drivers that may result from different types, strengths, and orders of nonlinearity due to the presence of (i) intrinsic medium (epoxy) coupling the waveguides and (ii) external factors such as signal generators/transducers/ultrasonic couplant assembly. Key findings include the impact of nonlinearity type, strength, and order as well as damping on the modulus and phases of the complex amplitudes of the phi-bit coherent superposition of states. This research serves as an exploration for control of design parameters in the creation of phi-bits, which will enable the preparation and manipulation of superpositions of states essential for developing phi-bit-based quantum analogue information processing platforms.   

New Explanation for the Source of Gravity and Its Fluxes

Gravity is one of the largest, most important, energetic, and influential forces in the universe. To understand its basis and nature, it is better to calculate its frequency.

The relation between the energy of a planet and electromagnetic waves can be achieve and by using that the gravitational frequency will be find.

Based on the calculations and obtained frequencies for gravitational fluxes,it can be deduced that the frequency of gravitational fluxes is lower than gamma rays and higher than X-ray waves. Therefore, it can be said that anything that is the source of X-rays and gamma rays, can also be an intrinsic source of gravitational waves. If we observe carefully, we can see that the natural sources of X-rays are very large stars, black holes, magnetars, supernova explosions, and neutron stars. Also the source of gamma rays is magnetars, active galactic nuclei, black holes, etc.

In the electromagnetic wave range, after the magnetic wave's range, there are X-rays. Very large stars and black holes are the sources of X-ray generation. We cannot find a planet that has the capability of producing these waves. Also after X-rays, we can consider gravity and gamma rays, which their sources can be just considered as stars, supernovae, magnetars, white dwarfs, black holes, etc.   

Laser Engineered Fatigue Response of Flexible Interconnects

Printing of conductive nanoparticle inks on to flexible substrates is a promising method to manufacture flexible electronics. Most of such conductive inks need post thermal curing that can be achieved using laser sintering. The mechanical characteristics of such interconnects highly depend on sintering parameters. Here, we report on the use of laser sintering to manufacture an interconnect with predetermined fatigue response. Conductive interconnects were printed on substrates (Novele IJ-220-PET) using Epson L130 Inkjet printer loaded with silver nanoparticle ink (NOVACENTRIX JS-B25P). They were sintered using Cobolt 08-01 series 785 nm continuous wave laser. The laser power, the sintering speed, and the number of sintering passes were optimized to yield interconnects with different fatigue responses. The interconnects were subjected to bending over a 2'' mandrel under a load of 200 g. Two-probe in-situ resistance measurements were recorded using a Keithley multimeter. We demonstrated the fabrication of interconnects showing 2%, 7.5%, 18% and 30% increase in relative resistance after 700 bending cycles by sintering with 350, 400, 450, and 500 mW laser powers, respectively. The possibility to fabricate interconnects with predetermined fatigue response is mainly attributed to selective evaporation of the ink binder which is confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. Hence, we propose laser sintering as a technique to manufacture interconnects with predefined fatigue response.