Comparisons of the Seismic Properties of the Sun During Solar Cycles 23, 24, 25*

A notable decline in solar activity was observed during Solar Cycle 24, prompting an investigation into its seismic properties compared to Cycle 23. Utilizing 15 years of oscillation data from the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) and the Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG) , we analyzed the frequencies of solar oscillations and simultaneous changes in seven other solar activity indicators from Cycle 23. This analysis was extended to Cycle 24 and the initial phase of Cycle 25. Our findings revealed a significant reduction – up to 40% –  in the sensitivity of frequency changes to long term solar activity levels in Cycle 24 compared to Cycle 23. Preliminary data from Cycle 25 indicates a resurgence in solar activity, suggesting a peak strength surpassing that of Cycle 24. This study provides insights into the evolving nature of solar activity and its seismic properties, offering valuable data for future solar and space weather forecasting.