Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2023
Volume 68, Number 3
Las Vegas, Nevada (March 5-10)
Virtual (March 20-22); Time Zone: Pacific Time
Session N34: Physics and Applications in Electronic DevicesFocus Industrial
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Sponsoring Units: FIAP Chair: Parisa Bazazi, Princeton Univeristy Room: Room 226/227 |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 11:30AM - 12:06PM |
N34.00001: High temperature mmWave switches based on insulator-to-metal transition of Lanthanum Cobalt Oxide Invited Speaker: Bryan Bosworth On-wafer millimeter-wave (mmWave) switches are essential components in integrated circuits (ICs) for signal routing, power limiting, and multiplexing. Insulator-to-metal (IMT) phase transition oxides are alternatives to PIN diode and MEMs devices that offer advantages in insertion loss, bandwidth, and size. Most IMT switches use vanadium dioxide (VO2), which cannot operate above 50 C, limiting applications inside high-power and space-based ICs. Here, we show new lanthanum cobalt oxide (LaCoO3, LCO) millimeter-wave switches with IMT switching behavior up to 125 C. We grew epitaxial LCO by sputtering onto both sapphire and silicon carbide substrates. By applying DC current across the LCO, we observe a rapid decrease in resistance from kiloOhms to Ohms, starting around 0.5 mA bias current. Our best switch transitions fully to metal with an applied DC current bias of 50 mA at 125 C, showing a 9 dB change at 30 GHz between the on-state and off-state. This switch had a figure of merit in excess of 2 THz at 125 C. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 12:06PM - 12:18PM |
N34.00002: Dual Layer Additively Manufactured Meta-Surfaces on Quartz Fiber Substrate Basil F Vanderbie, Andrew Luce, Corey Shemelya Radomes generally have a singular use; a structural component which protects RF elements while also appearing to be RF transparent to the radar system. One such radome material in X-band is quartz fiber laminate. In this work we present a quartz fiber laminate material which has been functionalize with a frequency selective surface (FSS) in order to provide a notch filtering effect within the radome itself. Notably, the structures used here would make for an ineffective radome, primarily designed to qualify the alignment of the layers. This work utilized a multilayer direct-write process (AJ-5X aerosol jet) for FSS deposition and a prepreg layup for radome fabrication. The effectiveness of the FSS design is directly related to quality of alignment between the two layers, and as such, we successfully developed a multi-layer, blind alignment process compatible with most additive manufacturing techniques. The cross-based metasurface provided a notch filtering effect mainly as an evaluation mechanism for intralayer alignment. The quality of the alignments was characterized through the use of simulations and experimental reflection/transmission data which was able to estimate the precision, and consistency, of the alignment between layers and across samples. Samples were characterized for conductivity, adhesion, and print thickness. The final result is a robust process for the fabrication, test, and integration of multi-functional designs into novel, non-traditional material systems and structures. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 12:18PM - 12:30PM |
N34.00003: Printed Multifunctional Laminates: Additively Manufactured Sensors Integrated with Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Ballistic Resistant Materials Christopher J Molinari, Lucas Unger, Bradley Pothier, Katherine Berry, Samuel Fedorka, Gary Walsh, Corey Shemelya Additive Manufacturing (AM) has the potential to enable unique opportunities for placement, form-factor, and functionality of sensing elements through the use of nontraditional substrates. Most of these substrates are primarily utilized for mechanical applications such as ballistic protection. As conformal/hybrid AM fabrication techniques advance, it has become possible to integrate electrical and/or communication technology directly onto the material, increasing overall utility. In this work, an RF sensing circuit is integrated with an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber laminate, a ballistic resistant material. The direct-write, AM circuit, enables the detection of frequency bands in the C-band utilizing a printed antenna, an RF detection circuit, capacitor networks, and printed impedance matching elements. This work demonstrates that one can overcome challenges including unknown RF properties, substrate thicknesses, poor printed adhesion, and increased/variable surface roughness. As such, we present an RF detection system integrated with an UHMWPE substrate verified in both the laboratory and utilizing Ansys HFSS simulations. The resulting RF system demonstrates full functionality as well as the potential to be integrated with microcontroller technology, additional sensors, and LED indicators all powered through a commercial off-the-shelf battery. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 12:30PM - 12:42PM |
N34.00004: Thermomechanical Nanomolding of 2D Nanostructures Mehrdad T Kiani, Quynh Sam, Hyeuk Jin Han, Yeon Sik Jung, Judy J Cha Fabrication of nanostructures with tight control of chemical composition, morphology, and structure over wafer-scale distances remains a challenge for traditional nanofabrication techniques. Thermomechanical nanomolding (TMNM), a recently developed technique whereby a polycrystalline feedstock is pressed against a mold with 1D pores at elevated temperature and pressure, has been shown to form periodic single crystal, defect free nanowires with high aspect ratios over centimeter length scales (PRL 124, 036102 (2020). Importantly, TMNM is material-agnostic and has been successful with a wide range of materials including metals, alloys, intermetallics, and metal-phosphides. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 12:42PM - 12:54PM |
N34.00005: Nanopore ion sources deliver single amino acid and peptide ions directly into high vacuum Derek M Stein, Nicholas Drachman, Mathilde LePoitevin, Hannah Szapary, Benjamin N Wiener, William Maulbetsch In this talk, we describe a nanopore ion source for mass spectrometry that delivers ions directly into high vacuum from aqueous solutions. The ion source comprises a pulled quartz capillary with a sub-100 nm opening. Ions escape from the electrified meniscus between the liquid and high vacuum by the mechanism of ion evaporation and travel along collisionless trajectories into the ion detector. We present mass spectra for 16 different amino acid ions as well as post-translationally modified variants of glutathione in unsolvated states, obtained using the nanopore ion source. The current emanating from the source is composed of ions rather than charged droplets, and more than 90 % of the current can be recovered in a collector at the far end of the instrument. The nanopore ion source could enable more sensitive proteomic analyses. It circumvents the sample loss mechanisms inherent to conventional electrospray ionization (ESI), where charged droplets are sprayed into a background gas that scatters ions and degrades their transmission. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 12:54PM - 1:06PM |
N34.00006: Enhanced antibacterial activity of pulsed laser-synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles combined with methylene blue. Ali O Er, Yaran Allamyradov, Justice ben Yosef, Salizhan Kylychbekov, Somon Hakimov, Inomjon Majidov, Zikrulloh Khuzhakulov, Chazz Kitchens The photosensitizing synthesizing agents are crucial against multidrug-resistant bacteria and treating tumors. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in different mediums. Later, methylene blue (MB) were attached each nanoparticle to improve their antimicrobial efficiency. Ag and Au NPs with different sizes were obtained and their characterization were performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-vis, and photoluminescence spectra. The cytotoxicity measurement was also performed using different cell lines. The average size distribution of Ag NPs in citrate, PVP, and PVA at 1064 nm was discovered to be 6 nm, 10 nm, and 12 nm, respectively. The Au NPs with 6 nm size were obtained with picosecond laser pulses. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were both deactivated using these Ag NPs in combination with MB. MB and Ag NPs combination showed stronger antibacterial activity due to higher singlet oxygen generation and deactivated the entire 10^8 CFU/mL concentrated S. aureus and E. coli bacteria within 6 minutes of the 660 nm LED irradiation period. The use of MB/Ag NPs in PDT may be useful in treating cancer in vivo, infections of prosthetic joints, open wounds with bacterial pathogens, and tumors. the ongoing study on the laser ablation synthesis of Au NPs and its efficacy as an antimicrobial agent with methylene blue against different strains of bacteria will also be presented. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 1:06PM - 1:18PM |
N34.00007: Achieving Low Thermal Conductivity with Triple Half-Heusler Composition Kazuki Imasato, Philipp Sauerschnig, Shashwat Anand, Takao Ishida, Atsushi Yamamoto, Michihiro Ohta Half-Heusler (HH, general formula: XYZ) materials have been extensively researched for their potential in thermoelectric, superconductor, toplogical materials and other applications. The concept of double half-Heusler (DHH) was recently proposed as a potential strategy to reduce lattice thermal conductivity for better thermoelectric performance. In this talk, we will expand this idea further to triple half-Heusler (THH). THH phase was successfully synthesized by following an unconventional valence balance strategy. Even though both ternary components of THH phase are unstable with metallic transport properties, experimental results indicated a homogeneous and pure characteristic of synthesized samples with a large Seebeck coefficient. In addition, the lattice thermal conductivity is much lower than half-Heusler standards. Since a high thermal conductivity has been always a problem for HH-based thermoelectric materials, the synthesis of THH with very low lattice thermal conductivity can be a new direction for the high-performance of HH thermoelectrics. In addition, the new strategy to explore the huge compositional space for extended tunability of intermetallic compounds was demonstrated. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 1:18PM - 1:30PM |
N34.00008: Conformal High-power-density Half-Heusler Thermoelectric Modules: A Pathway towards Practical Power Generator WENJIE LI, Amin Nozariasbmarz, Ravi A Kishore, Bed Poudel, Shashank Priya Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) exploiting Seebeck effect, provide a promising solution for waste heat recovery. Among large number of thermoelectric (TE) materials, half-Heusler (hH) alloys are leading candidates for medium to high temperature power generation applications. However, the fundamental challenge in this field has been the insufficient power output from the modules and rigid form factor of TE modules. This has restricted the transition of TEGs in practical applications for over three decades. Here, we successfully demonstrate high power conformal hH TE modules for high temperature application and their direct integration on flue gas platforms, such as cylindrical tube, to form large area flexible TEGs. This new conformal architecture design provides a breakthrough towards to medium/high temperature TEGs over the conventional BiTe- and polymer-based flexible TEGs design. Variable fill factor and greater flexibility due to conformal design results in higher device performance as compared to conventional rigid TEG devices. Modules with 72-couple hH legs exhibit device high-power-density of 3.13 W-cm-2 and a total output power of 56.6 W under temperature difference of 570 K. These results provide a promising pathway towards widespread utilization of thermoelectric technology into the waste heat recovery application and will have significant impact on the development of practical thermal to electrical converters. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 1:30PM - 1:42PM |
N34.00009: Superconducting phonon blocked thermionic coolers Joel Hätinen, Janne Lehtinen, Mika Prunnila, Emma Mykkänen, Antti Kemppinen, Klaara Viisanen, Lassi Lehtisyrjä, Alberto Ronzani Cooling of quantum devices to their operating temperatures in mK range is traditionally achieved by bulky and expensive He-3/He-3 dilution refrigerators. Unlike our target device, these need to cool down an impractical amount of thermal mass and take a few days to reach their base temperature. We propose the concept of cascaded phonon-engineered thermionic coolers to cool from He-4 pulse tube compatible temperature level of 1.5 K to sub-100 mK range. This reduces efficiently the mass and cost requirements of operating quantum devices in e.g. spaceborne applications. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 1:42PM - 1:54PM |
N34.00010: Developing a standard reference material for mmWave dielectrics Lucas Enright, Benjamin Jamroz, Geoff Brennecka, Nathan D Orloff With growing interest in millimeter wave (mmWave, 30 GHz – 300 GHz) technologies, researchers and manufacturers need technical standards for measurement technique validation, new material acceptance, and quality assurance. Today, there is no standard reference material for dielectric permittivity and loss tangent in the mmWave regime. Here, we take the first steps to developing a standard reference material for permittivity and loss tangent from 20 GHz to 80 GHz. Our approach uses new split cylinder resonators for dielectric measurements, high purity fused silica substrates, and dimensional metrology tools with nanometer-scale accuracy. In this work, we discuss results of an industry-government round-robin which informed the design of the standard reference material. We describe the development of the standard and welcome any discussion about improving its usefulness to end-users. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 1:54PM - 2:06PM |
N34.00011: Open Resonator Modes in Electron Cavity Dongsung T Park, Hwanchul Jung, Seokyeong Lee, Uhjin Kim, Chanuk Yang, Yunchul Chung, Hyoungsoon Choi, Hyung kook Choi Cavity resonators provide a cornerstone of wave confinement and manipulation. In particular, the photonic Fabry-Perot resonator has proven itself to be of both practical and fundamental importance. A distinguishing aspect of the Fabry-Perot resonator is its openness; its resonance occurs chiefly in the longitudinal direction, i.e. the cavity axis, whereas confinement in the transverse direction is provided solely by the curvature of the cavity mirrors. Although such cavity resonators can be generalized to all kinds of waves, few implementations have been demonstrated for material waves, and their resonance modes have yet to be understood. Here, we present the Fabry-Perot resonator for two-dimensional electronic waves, realized in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure device. The electron cavity formed robust longitudinal modes despite being highly open to the background reservoir, and the transverse modes were separable by introducing an asymmetric perturbation to the cavity. In the asymmetric configuration, magnetoconductance measurements suggested the coexistence of modes centered and lopsided in the transverse direction, an observation supported by numerical simulation. Having identified the feasibility of an electronic resonator using highly open cavities, we further discuss its potential applications and a few subtleties arising in matter wave optics. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 2:06PM - 2:18PM |
N34.00012: Ultrahigh dielectric permittivity in oxide ceramics by hydrogenation Nguyen Xuan Duong, Ji-Soo Jang, Min-Hyoung Jung, Jong-Seong Bae, Chang Won Ahn, Jong Sung Jin, Kyuwook Ihm, Gyehyeon Kim, So Yeon Lim, Jongmin Lee, Dang Duc Dung, Soonil Lee, Young-Min Kim, Sanghan Lee, Sang Mo Yang, Changhee Sohn, Ill Won Kim, Hu Young Jeong, Seung-Hyub Baek, Tae Heon Kim Boosting dielectric permittivity representing electrical polarizability of dielectric materials has been considered a keystone for achieving a new stage of scientific breakthroughs as well as technological advances in various multifunctional devices. In this work, we demonstrate the significant enhancement of low-frequency dielectric constant in oxygen-deficient oxide ceramics via the hydrogenation induced by water dissociation. In the as-sintered state, the initial dielectric constant in Ni-substituted BaTiO3 ceramics is very low (~103 at 1 Hz, the off-state). When ceramics are exposed to high humidity, a giant dielectric constant (~106 at 1 Hz, the on-state) is obtained, which is three orders of magnitude higher than that in the pristine state. It appears that the ultrahigh dielectric permittivity in the on-state is restored to the original value in the off-state via the thermal annealing. The conversion between these two dielectric states via the ambient-environment-mediated treatments and the successive application of external stimuli allows us to realize reversible control of dielectric relaxation characteristics in oxide ceramics. The achieved huge dielectric permittivity in the ambient-environment-treated Ni-substituted BaTiO3 ceramics would originate from spatial inhomogeneity of electrical polarizability induced by the hydrogenation. Conceptually, our work is of potential interest for realizing a new concept of ceramic-based dielectric sensors (e.g., hygrometers), which are able to detect water vapor in ambient air with high efficiency and sensitivity. |
Wednesday, March 8, 2023 2:18PM - 2:30PM Author not Attending |
N34.00013: Study of degradation in OLEDs by magneto-electroluminescence response Xin Pan Device degradation of organic light emitting diodes (OLED) has been of continuing interest. Here we introduce a method of investigating OLED degradation via magneto-electroluminescent (MEL) response upon the application of relatively small magnetic field, B. The MEL in OLEDs requires spin-mixing among spin sublevels of e-polaron and h- polaron pairs, which may be provided by the difference of the g-values between the e-polaron and h-polaron, which is known as the “Δg mechanism”. At steady state the “Δg-mechanism” leads to a non-Lorentzian MEL(B) response when a broad distribution of spin lifetime and g-values exists. Using the MEL(B) response we have studied OLED degradation at various operation conditions such as prolonged illumination and exposure to atmosphere. The extracted spin lifetime distribution from the MEL response has been analyzed to gain deeper understanding of the device performance under these conditions. |
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