Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2023
Volume 68, Number 3
Las Vegas, Nevada (March 5-10)
Virtual (March 20-22); Time Zone: Pacific Time
Session D71: Quantum Sensing in Cryogenic EnvironmentsFocus
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Sponsoring Units: DQI Chair: Leonardo Ranzani, Raytheon BBN Technologies Room: Room 407/408 |
Monday, March 6, 2023 3:00PM - 3:12PM |
D71.00001: Nonlinear quantum interferometry with Josephson junction based parametric circuits Fabian Kronowetter, Florian Fesquet, Kedar E Honasoge, Michael Renger, Yuki Nojiri, Maria-Teresa Handschuh, Achim Marx, Rudolf Gross, Kirill G Fedorov Classical interferometers are indispensable tools in experiments which require accurate estimations of various physical quantities. Their respective accuracy is bound by the standard quantum limit, which, nevertheless, can be overcome by using quantum states or nonlinear quantum building blocks. Such nonlinear interferometers have been thoroughly investigated at optical frequencies, while leaving the microwave domain largely unexplored. Meanwhile, quantum microwave sensing represents a novel and quickly growing field, which is important for various applications in quantum information processing or quantum field theory. In this context, we realize and investigate a nonlinear interferometer in the microwave regime. The circuit consists of two cryogenic 180° hybrid ring beam splitters combined with superconducting flux-driven Josephson parametric amplifiers. We experimentally test a transformation implemented by this nonlinear microwave interferometer and demonstrate sub-Poissonian photon statistics for specific parameter regimes. Furthermore, we identify a low-gain operation regime of the interferometer, which is useful for achieving the theoretical 3 dB quantum advantage in quantum illumination protocols. Our findings demonstrate the versatility of nonlinear parametric interferometers in the microwave regime, which can be applied further in the fields of quantum metrology and sensing, as well as in quantum information processing. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 3:12PM - 3:24PM |
D71.00002: demonstration of mode entanglement and swapping for enhanced weak signal detection Yue Jiang, Elizabeth P Ruddy, Kyle Quinlan, Nicholas E Frattini, Maxime Malnou, Konrad Lehnert Quantum noise is the main barrier in the detection of a weak signal at an unknown frequency. Here we demonstrate a prototype detector that accelerates the detection of a weak microwave tone by 5.6 times compared to a quantum-limited detector. The detector comprises two microstrip modes of a Josephson parametric converter (JPC), where one serves as the science mode and the other is used for readout. Dynamically coupling the two modes via simultaneous entanglement and state-swapping interactions induced by two-mode squeezing (G) and frequency-conversion (C) drives with matched interaction rates results in a quantum non-demolition interaction. This backaction-evading technique allows us to extract information from one of the quadratures of the science mode more rapidly, yielding an increase in the detector bandwidth. To mimic a real axion search, we inject a synthetic axion signal comprising 1% of the power expected from vacuum fluctuations at a protocol-blinded frequency into the science mode, and we demonstrate an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of 2.36 times using the GC-enhanced method compared to an equivalent quantum-limited search. This improvement corresponds with a 5.6-fold speedup in the spectral scan rate of an axion search. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 3:24PM - 3:36PM |
D71.00003: A hybrid cavity-superconducting qubit-magnon haloscope for dark matter detection in the microwave range Takis Kontos In this talk, I will present our original setup for detecting axion dark matter using quantum microwaves. In particular, I will describe how we can use the resources of superconducting qubits and cavity photons hybridized with magnons in order to downconvert possible axions signals. In addition, I will discuss how magnetic materials can be used for enlarging the mass scanning range for axion dark matter. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 3:36PM - 3:48PM |
D71.00004: Multi-qubit readout and control for a qubit-based dark matter detector Kester Anyang Superconducting qubits are sensitive electromagnetic field probes that can be utilized to detect high energy cosmic and terrestrial background radiation. This radiation causes qubit decoherence and contributes to correlated errors in quantum computers. Studying this decoherence is essential to building a fault-tolerant quantum computer. Similarly, certain qubits can be excellent Dark Matter detectors due to their sensitivity to low-energy optical phonons which can be exploited to look for sub-eV scattering. Our goal is to control and readout multiple qubits array to develop Dark Matter and radiation detectors. In this talk, we demonstrate simultaneous control and readout of multiple qubits using the Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit (QICK) along with an in-house RF companion board to generate, read, and process microwave signals. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 3:48PM - 4:00PM |
D71.00005: Fabrication of Radio-Frequency Quantum Upconverters with Double-Angle Aluminum Junctions Jason Y Corbin, Chelsea Bartram, Saptarshi Chaudhuri, Hsiao-Mei Cho, Stephen Kuenstner, Dale Li, Nicholas M Rapidis, Chiara Salemi, Maria Simanovskaia, Jyotirmai Singh, Elizabeth C van Assendelft, Betty Young, Kent D Irwin Many Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics techniques exist for manipulating and engineering quantum states of microwave photons above 1 GHz. The development of these techniques have led to increasingly sensitive probes of fundamental physics. Unlike microwave frequencies, quantum electromagnetic measurements below 300 MHz have not been well developed. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 4:00PM - 4:12PM |
D71.00006: Phase-sensitive detection with the Radio-Frequency Quantum Upconverter Elizabeth C van Assendelft, Chelsea L Bartram, Saptarshi Chaudhuri, Hsiao-Mei Cho, Jason Y Corbin, Stephen E Kuenstner, Dale Li, Nicholas M Rapidis, Chiara Salemi, Maria Simanovskaia, Jyotirmai Singh, Betty Young, Kent D Irwin The Radio-Frequency Quantum Upconverter (RQU) is a superconducting frequency upconverter designed to meet the need for better precision electromagnetic measurements at low frequencies. An RQU consists of a Josephson-junction interferometer embedded in a superconducting microwave resonator, and for small signals at MHz frequency, the interferometer presents a tunable inductance to the microwave circuit, creating a parametric interaction between the signal-frequency flux and the microwave mode. The upconverted signal appears as sidebands of the microwave carrier tone. RQUs with a three-junction interferometer design enable clean implementation of quantum upconversion protocols including sideband cooling, two-mode squeezing, and backaction-evading (BAE) detection. We discuss measurements with prototype RQUs, including phase-sensitive detection of a low frequency circuit which is a necessary prerequisite for evading quantum backaction noise. Additionally, we discuss BAE protocol applications in high-precision electromagnetic measurements including sub-μeV axion searches. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 4:12PM - 4:48PM |
D71.00007: Quantum measurement of RF resonators to search for axion dark matter below 300 MHz Invited Speaker: Kent D Irwin The QCD axion, which solves the strong CP problem in QCD, is one of the best motivated dark-matter candidates. In a strong dc magnetic field, QCD axion dark matter is detected electromagnetically as an extremely weak, narrowband ac electromagnetic signal at a frequency determined by the particle mass. At some frequencies (in particular, at MHz frequencies), it is impossible to rule out or detect candidate axion signals in particularly well motivated frequency ranges without achieving measurement sensitivity well below the Standard Quantum Limit (SQL). |
Monday, March 6, 2023 4:48PM - 5:00PM |
D71.00008: Progress towards implementing GC-enhancement in an axion search Elizabeth P Ruddy, Yue Jiang, Kyle Quinlan, Maxime Malnou, Nicholas E Frattini, Konrad Lehnert Dynamically coupling a science cavity with an auxiliary readout resonator via simultaneous frequency-conversion (C) and entanglement (gain, G) processes is expected to yield an advantage in weak signal searches where the frequency of the signal tone is a priori unknown [1]. When applied to a demonstration experiment designed to mimic an axion search in which synthetic axion signals were injected with powers far below the level of vacuum fluctuations, the GC-enhanced technique yielded a 5.6-fold scan rate enhancement relative to an equivalent search at the quantum limit. Nevertheless, there are several technical challenges to be overcome before the technique can be applied to a real axion search. In particular, higher-order parametric processes such as single mode squeezing that limit the achievable interaction rates need to be regulated and a transmission line must be introduced to physically separate the superconducting readout circuitry from the large magnetic field that will surround the axion-sensitive science cavity. Here, we present progress towards overcoming these challenges and applying the technique to a real axion search. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 5:00PM - 5:12PM |
D71.00009: Quantum sensing through the resonant transduction of pair-breaking photons to quasiparticles David C Harrison, Chuan-Hong Liu, Shravan Patel, Abigail Shearrow, Owen Rafferty, Francisco Schlenker, Robert McDermott The structure of a typical superconducting qubit is the aperture dual of a wire loop antenna, with a resonance between 100 GHz and 1 THz. This results in the resonant absorption of pair-breaking radiation, generating non-equilibrium quasiparticles. These quasiparticles inhibit qubit performance and are an important source of initialization errors in state-of-the-art qubit devices. Here, we employ this physics to realize next-generation quantum sensors. We have fabricated devices with antenna structures incorporating Josephson junctions optimized to efficiently absorb mm-wave radiation. These are embedded in a Nb groundplane and are connected to weakly charge-sensitive transmon qubits through an Al channel. When radiation is absorbed by the antenna, quasiparticles are generated and diffuse through the Al channel to the qubit, switching the charge parity of the qubit, which can be read out using a Ramsey-based pulse sequence. We utilize a voltage biased Josephson junction as an emitter of mm-wave radiation and characterize our sensors with measurements of the qubit excitation rate and parity switching rate as a function of the radiation frequency from 100 GHz to 1 THz. We describe our work to optimize these sensors to reduce dark count rates. These devices could have an important application in the search for dark-matter axions, in a mass range that is difficult to access with more conventional techniques. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 5:12PM - 5:24PM |
D71.00010: Cryogenic optical beam steering for characterizing response of superconducting quantum devices to radiation events Hannah W Magoon Particle interactions in the substrate of superconducting devices can generate phonons and liberate charge carriers. On a multi-qubit chip, propagation of these events can cause multiple qubits in close spatial proximity to decohere. Correlated decoherence events disrupt error correction, limiting the use of superconducting qubits in quantum computers. Novel applications in the field of particle physics seek to use these events as indicators of energy deposition, allowing quantum devices to serve as particle detectors. The low energy threshold of these proposed detectors makes them particularly well suited for a next-generation dark matter search. Further study of radiation sensitivity is required to advance the use of these devices for both quantum computing and particle detection. We have developed a cryogenic scanning apparatus capable of producing photon deposits with energies of 0.62 - 6.89eV across the surface of any quantum device. This can be used to characterize detector efficiency, and to investigate phenomena such as position sensitivity, phonon propagation, quasiparticle poisoning, and background-induced decoherence. In this talk, I will present the design overview and specifications of this calibration unit, along with current status and plans of the testing program. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 5:24PM - 5:36PM |
D71.00011: Understanding energy dissipation in Si substrate transmon qubit through phonon kinematics Israel H Hernandez In the context of quantum error correction, correlated errors in a qubit chip have been found to be strongly associated with the generation of electron-hole pairs and phonons through the absorption of terrestrial gamma and cosmic ray muons in the qubit substrate. During this process, a big fraction of the incident energy dissipates through the substrate as phonons and propagates to the superconductor generating broken Cooper pairs of electrons which cause qubit decoherence. In order to understand how these radiation events impact the performance of a qubit detector, we simulate these processes using the Geant-4 based particle physics simulation program. In this talk, we discuss our work in understanding phonon propagation, down conversion, scattering, and surface interaction between the Si substrate and the superconducting parts of a transmon qubit along with electron-hole pair generation and recombination in the Si. This work is not only relevant in the context of quantum computers but also in building a large array of qubit based Dark Matter detectors, which is our primary focus. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 5:36PM - 5:48PM |
D71.00012: Toward optically driven electrical quantum metrology Antti Kemppinen, Jaani Nissilä, Katja Kohopää, Pranauv Selvasundaram, Emma Mykkänen, Thomas Fordell, Pekka Immonen, Robab Najafi Jabdaraghi, Jorden Senior, Joel Hunnakko, Oliver Kieler, Mark Bieler, Björnar Karlsen, Eivind Bardalen, Per Alfred Øhlckers, Matteo Cherchi, Kirsi Tappura, Visa Vesterinen, Antti J Manninen, Joonas Govenius, Giovanni Delrosso We use a mode-locked laser to drive Josephson junction arrays (JJA) [1]. Our method is promising for driving, e.g., Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizers (JAWS) or single flux quantum (SFQ) logic. Both can benefit from a fast optical data bus that minimizes the heat load into the cryostat compared to conventional electrical cabling. Our mode-locked laser generates a pattern of optical pulses that we convert into electrical ones with a photodiode at a cryogenic temperature. Under suitable operating conditions, each electrical pulse yields a quantized voltage pulse in all of the Josephson junctions of the array. We operate our mode-locked laser at a modest pulse frequency of about 2-3 GHz and use time division multiplexing (TDM) to yield a multiplied pulse frequency for driving the JJA. We show that the measurement of DC voltage for a JJA driven by double pulses with a varied time delay between them allows to study electrical transmission line effects in the system consisting of the photodiode and the JJA. Improvements in cryogenic optical packaging enable more ideal transmission lines, which is important for our future goal to increase the pulse frequency of JAWS. |
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