Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2023
Volume 68, Number 3
Las Vegas, Nevada (March 5-10)
Virtual (March 20-22); Time Zone: Pacific Time
Session D70: Quantum Sensing using Diamonds |
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Sponsoring Units: DQI Chair: Gabriel Landi, University of Rochester Room: Room 409 |
Monday, March 6, 2023 3:00PM - 3:12PM |
D70.00001: Multi-dimensional quantum spectroscopy Konstantin Herb, John M Abendroth, Erika W Janitz, Laura A Völker, Christian L Degen Single atomic defects in diamond can serve as magnetic field sensors with exquisite sensitivity and nanoscale resolution, providing an attractive alternative to traditional detectors in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Indeed, single nitrogen–vacancy (NV) centers have been used to determine the positions of ~30 proximal atoms. However, most of this work has been performed on an idealized "test bed system", individual 13C atoms inside the diamond host lattice surrounding the NV center. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 3:12PM - 3:24PM |
D70.00002: Quantum Sensing Protocols from Reinforcement Learning Jner Tzern Oon, Connor A Hart, George Witt, Kevin S Olsson, Joseph Kovba, Blake Gage, Ronald L Walsworth Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) spin ensembles in diamond provide an advanced magnetic sensing platform at ambient conditions. Improvements in fabrication techniques provide access to diamond material with moderate (∼1 ppm) to high (>10 ppm) NV densities while maintaining isotopic purity and low (∼10 kHz) crystal strain gradients. Combining dynamical decoupling techniques and suppression of spin bath induced dephasing, NV coherence magnetometry can operate within the interaction-limited regime, where spin coherences are restricted by interactions between NV sensor spins. By considering the effective average Hamiltonian during a quantum control sequence, previous influential work in Hamiltonian engineering successfully extends NV coherence by suppressing the effects of such dipolar interactions, resulting in sensitivity improvements to AC magnetic fields. Here, we instead utilize a reinforcement learning algorithm to design pulse sequences for sensitivity improvement. This requires the definition of a robust reward structure for quantum sensing, which includes considerations for noise sources such as magnetic disorder, interactions and pulse errors. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 3:24PM - 3:36PM |
D70.00003: Sensing and reconstructing a quantum-classical spin bath Boning Li, Guoqing Wang, Yuan Zhu, Hao Tang, Faisal Alsallom, Changhao Li, Alexandre Cooper-Roy, Paola Cappellaro We formally introduce and experimentally demonstrate a quantum sensing protocol to sample and reconstruct the noise spectrum of a single qubit sensor by using a sequence of interferometric measurements based on Walsh dynamical decoupling sequences. The Walsh sequences generate a complete basis of digital filters that directly sample the power spectrum of the fluctuating field (classical noise environment) in the sequency domain, from which we can reconstruct the autocorrelation function in the time domain – and the power spectrum in the frequency domain -- with simple linear transformations. By using deep learning algorithms, this Walsh sequency further show the ability to distinguish and reconstruct the interaction between different spin qubits (quantum environment). In comparison to typical periodic decoupling-based noise spectroscopy methods, the accuracy of our method is only limited by sampling and discretization in the time space and can be easily improved, even under limited evolution time due to decoherence and hardware limitations. Finally, we experimentally reconstruct the autocorrelation function of the effective magnetic field produced by the nuclear-spin bath on the electronic spin of a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, and the hyperfine parameters with its nearby nuclear spin. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 3:36PM - 3:48PM |
D70.00004: Mechanical sensing via a driven spin-mechanical system Hailin Wang, Xinzhu Li Solid-state spins such as diamond nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers have been widely used as quantum sensors for electric and magnetic fields, strain, and temperature via changes in the spin resonance. Here, we report the experimental demonstration of a mechanical sensing approach that exploits the interaction between a spin and a mechanical oscillator. In this experiment, a NV center is coupled to a high Q-factor diamond nanomechanical oscillator. The orbital states of the NV center are highly sensitive to crystal strain and can thus strongly couple to the mechanical oscillator. As a result, the driving of the mechanical oscillator near resonance by an external force can lead to a large sideband splitting in the dipole or spin transitions of the NV center. Our experimental studies show that this sideband splitting can be highly sensitive to changes as small as 0.1 Hz in the mechanical resonance frequency. The driven spin-mechanical system thus provides a platform for sensing or probing processes that can affect the resonance frequency of the mechanical oscillator. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 3:48PM - 4:00PM |
D70.00005: Optimization of optical spin readout of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond based on spin relaxation model Yuki Nakamura, Hideyuki Watanabe, Kohei M Itoh, Kento Sasaki, Junko Ishi-Hayase, Kensuke Kobayashi For quantum sensing, it is vital to develop an efficient technique for determining the quantum state of the sensor. We optimize the weighting of the photoluminescence intensity for readout of the spin state of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. We find that adopting a physical model that considers the optical transitions and relaxations of the NV center allows for an efficient readout. Our method improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the readout by 5.4% in a short time of 3 s, while the existing methods typically require 1 min of integration time. We also show that our technique enhances the readout of the nuclear spin memory. The demonstrated way is helpful for a wide range of measurements, from a few minutes to several days. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 4:00PM - 4:12PM |
D70.00006: Magnetic resonance imaging of diffusion in micro-structures using diamond quantum sensors Fleming Bruckmaier, Dominik Bucher, Nick Neuling, Robin D Allert Understanding the diffusion of particles in micro-structures plays a vital role in many fields including neuroscience, cancer- or battery-research. So far non invasive methods able to measure the diffusion on this length scale while maintaining a spatial correlation of the signal are lacking. Here we introduce the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a novel tool to probe diffusion on the micro-scale. We developed a new experimental setup combining gradient coils, microfluidics, engineered diamonds and imaging of the experiment, improving on the recent achievements of NV-NMR and combining it with the well known pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) approach for diffusion measurements. Especially in the field of diamond engineering we achieved major improvements in the coherence time, laser stability and readout contrast, compared to previously cited values. The gain in sensitivity allowed us to probe the diffusion in microfluidic channels and correlate the results spatially using simultaneous optical imaging. The development of this setup and our first experimental results mark a major step towards the development of NV-center based MRI and diffusion-MRI experiments, while the achievements in diamond engineering will benefit the NV-community as a whole. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 4:12PM - 4:24PM |
D70.00007: Electrical control of a single nitrogen-vacancy center by nanoscale engineered magnetic domain wall motions Nathan J McLaughlin, Senlei Li, Jeffrey A Brock, Shu Zhang, Hanyi Lu, Mengqi Huang, Yuxuan Xiao, Jingcheng Zhou, Yaroslav Tserkovnyak, Eric E Fullerton, Hailong Wang, Chunhui Rita Du Control and readout of qubits form the technical foundation for novel quantum computing and simulation technologies. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, an intrinsic three-level spin system, has received enormous interest on this regard due to its excellent quantum coherence, high fidelity of operations, and versatile functionality over broad experimental conditions. Here, utilizing magnetic multi-layers with spontaneous perpendicular anisotropy, we implemented a hybrid NV-magnetic-domain-wall system, and demonstrated electrical control of the NV spin properties. The mutual interaction between NV spin qubits and magnetic textures calls for further studies to fulfill their promise for next generation quantum spintronic technologies. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 4:24PM - 4:36PM |
D70.00008: Enhancement of NV-center coherence times via suppression of the surface noise in coated nanodiamonds. Denis R Candido, Uri Zvi, Peter C Maurer, Michael E Flatté The emergence of Nitrogen-Vacancy centers (NVs) as a candidate for quantum sensing and metrology has recently attracted significant attention in the quantum information science community. While it is optimal to have shallow NV to increase its sensitivity to the external signal, this conflicts with the rapid increase of the noise near the surface – decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio. Accordingly, efforts have been devoted to explore techniques aiming to reduce the surface noise. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 4:36PM - 4:48PM |
D70.00009: Engineering Spin Coherence in Core-Shell Diamond Nanocrystals Uri Zvi, Adam Weiss, Denis R Candido, Aidan Jones, Michael E Flatté, Peter C Maurer, Aaron Esser-Kahn, Iryna Golovina, Lingjie Chen Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond nanocrystals have emerged as a promising platform for quantum-based sensing with nanoscale spatial resolution. However, applications beyond current proof-of-principle experiments require a substantial increase in sensitivity, which is generally limited by surface-noise-induced spin dephasing. In this work, we demonstrate a simple method to engineer the surface-dominated noise spectra and extend the spin bath correlation time with a core-shell design. Our work results in near bulk properties, with a 3.5-fold increase in both coherence and spin-lattice relaxation times, pointing to a broadband improvement across sensing relevant frequencies. We use our findings to investigate the noise spectrum and identify the addressable decoherence mechanisms in diamond nanocrystals, showing a shift from surface-dominated noise in bare particles to bulk-dominated noise in our core-shell design. This work opens a new path for improving sensing sensitivity using a capping layer to create engineered diamond interfaces. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 4:48PM - 5:00PM |
D70.00010: Protecting nuclear spin ensembles against temperature and strain variations Guoqing Wang, Ariel R Barr, Hao Tang, Mo Chen, Changhao Li, Haowei Xu, Ju Li, Paola Cappellaro Solid-state spin defects, especially nuclear spins with potentially extremely long coherence times, are compelling platforms for quantum memories and sensors. However, their current performances are still limited by the decoherence due to the variation of their intrinsic quadrupole and hyperfine interactions. We propose an unbalanced echo sequence to overcome this challenge by using a second spin to refocus the variation of these interactions, which preserves the quantum information stored in the nuclear spin free evolution. The unbalanced echo can be used to probe the temperature and strain distribution in materials. Experimentally, we demonstrate a 20-fold T2* coherence time increase in an ensemble of ∼ 10^10 nuclear spins in a diamond. Theoretically, we develop first-principles methods to predict these interaction variations and reveal their correlation in large temperature and strain ranges. We numerically show that our method can refocus stronger noise variations than our current experiments and achieves a 400-fold coherence improvement for a 25 K temperature inhomogeneity. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 5:00PM - 5:12PM |
D70.00011: DC magnetometry at the T2 sensing limit harnessing dipolar-ordered nuclear spins Ozgur Sahin, Paul M Schindler, Marin Bukov, Ashok Ajoy Sensing static or slowly-varying magnetic fields is of interest for many diverse applications including monitoring single neurons firing or measuring the edge currents in topological insulators. The coherence time for most sensing schemes, however, are limited by the T2* dephasing time as opposed to the longer T2 coherence time as any echo sequences designed to refocus dephasing will generally also cancel out sensor evolution under the magnetic field. We report on a DC magnetometry technique that is intrinsically limited by sensor spin transverse lifetime T2’. Our approach exploits the response of spins initially prepared in a dipolar-ordered state to an externally applied AC field. In the presence of a DC or low-frequency field to be sensed, the spin response is amplified by the AC field, and can be discerned with high sensitivity. We experimentally demonstrate the technique employing hyperpolarized 13C nuclear spins in diamond particles as quantum sensors. Potential applications are also discussed. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 5:12PM - 5:24PM |
D70.00012: DC magnetometry below the Ramsey limit with rapidly rotating diamonds Alexander A Wood, Alastair Stacey, Andy M Martin Magnetometers based on the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond provide μT to nT Hz-1/2 sensitivity for single centers at ambient temperature and mm-to-sub-μm length scales, making ideal for studying magnetic phenomena in challenging, real-world sensing environments. Intense effort has been devoted to improving dc sensitivity due to the vast range of applications requiring high sensitivity magnetometers operating at low frequency. Many if not all of these approaches to improving the measurement signal are frustrated by a commensurate increase in noise. I will report on quantum sensing of dc magnetic fields exceeding the sensitivity of conventional T2*-limited dc Ramsey magnetometry by more than an order of magnitude. We used NV centers in a diamond rotating at periods comparable to the spin coherence time T2 to convert dc magnetic fields to ac, and characterized the dependence of magnetic sensitivity on measurement time and rotation speed. Our method up-converts only the dc field of interest, eliminates in-diamond noise and and preserves the quantum coherence of the sensor. These results make a definitive improvement to the sensitivity of a quantum magnetometer to dc fields, demonstrating that sensitivity below the T2* limit is possible and can be applied to any diamond magnetometer where T2>>T2* to yield an order of magnitude or more sensitivity improvement. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 5:24PM - 5:36PM |
D70.00013: High Efficiency RF Antennas for Quantum Sensing Applications Birol Ozturk, Sheikh S Mahtab, Peker Milas, Michael G Spencer Radio frequency (RF) signals are frequently used in emerging quantum applications due to their spin state manipulation capability. Efficient coupling of RF signals into a particular quantum system requires the utilization of carefully designed and fabricated antennas. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) defects in diamond are commonly utilized platforms in quantum sensing experiments with the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) method, where an RF antenna is an essential element. We report on the design, fabrication, and optimization principles of coplanar RF antennas for quantum sensing applications. Novel coplanar waveguide RF antennas were designed and fabricated with over 30 dB experimental return loss at 2.87 GHz, the zero-field splitting (ZFS) frequency of the negatively charged NV defect in diamond. The efficiencies of the antenna were demonstrated in magnetic field quantum sensing experiments with NV color centers in diamond. An RF amplifier was not needed and the 0dB (1 milliwatt) output of a standard RF generator was adequate to run the ODMR experiments due to high efficiency of the novel RF antennas. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 5:36PM - 5:48PM |
D70.00014: High-throughput in-flow quantum sensing based on droplet microfluidics Adrisha Sarkar, Zachary Jones, Sophie Conti, Deepti Tanjore, Ashok Ajoy Quantum sensing tools have emerged as a compelling means to study nanoscale chemical and biological processes with high sensitivity and spatial resolution, promising wide impact in a variety of fields ranging from chemical synthesis to bioengineering. Recently there has been expanded interest in assay-like quantum sensing approaches that can yield high-fidelity analyte discrimination for practical applications. In this work, we introduce a novel high-throughput, in-flow, quantum sensing platform based on droplet microfluidics. Quantum sensors based on nanodiamonds hosting Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers are incorporated within monodisperse phase separated droplets which serve as picoliter containers for both the sensors and for analytes of interest. Such controllable micro-compartments allow for strong sensor-analyte interaction, and allow for the rapid, high throughput (~10kHz), quantum sensing of numerous droplets. We demonstrate a novel method for noise-suppression in the fluorescence-based optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements exploiting droplet flow, and use it to carry out high sensitivity assay detection of several analytes (paramagnetic ions and small molecules) in flowing droplets. |
Monday, March 6, 2023 5:48PM - 6:00PM |
D70.00015: On-demand generation of neutral silicon vacancy centers in diamond Zihuai Zhang, Josh A Zuber, Lila Rodgers, Xin Gui, Paul Stevenson, Minghao Li, Marietta Batzer, Marcel.li Grimau, Brendan Shields, Andrew M Edmonds, Nicola Palmer, Matthew L Markham, Robert Cava, Patrick Maletinsky, Nathalie P de Leon Neutral silicon vacancy centers in diamond are promising candidates for quantum networks because of their excellent optical properties and long spin coherence times1. However, stabilizing the neutral charge state of silicon vacancy centers so far required high purity, boron doped diamond, which is not a readily available material. Here, we demonstrate two distinct approaches to on-demand generation of neutral silicon vacancy centers. In the first approach, we show that chemical control of the diamond surface can be used to tune the charge state of shallow silicon vacancy centers2. We demonstrate reversible charge state tuning of silicon vacancy centers by toggling the surface between hydrogen termination and oxygen termination. In the second approach, we harness itinerant carriers formed by ionizing nearby defects, and we show that the neutral silicon vacancy center can be stabilized by capturing optically generated holes from nearby defects3. Controlling the charge state via surface control and carrier capture offers a route for scalable technologies based on neutral silicon vacancy centers, as well as charge state engineering of other defects. |
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