Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2020
Volume 65, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 2–6, 2020; Denver, Colorado
Session W07: Quantum Amplifiers, Bolometers, and Detectors |
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Sponsoring Units: DQI Chair: Guilhem Ribeill, BBN Technology - Massachusetts Room: 102 |
Friday, March 6, 2020 8:00AM - 8:12AM |
W07.00001: Sensitive and fast bolometer integrable with superconducting qubit readout Mikko Mottonen, Roope Kokkoniemi, Jean-Philippe Girard, Dibyendu Hazra, Antti Laitinen, Joonas Govenius, Russell Lake, Iiro Sallinen, Visa Vesterinen, Eemil Visakorpi, Sanna Arpiainen, Mika Prunnila, Pertti Juhani Hakonen Traditionally, bolometers have been too slow and inaccurate to operate in quantum sensing applications in the microwave regime. Thus their benefits such as simple setup, broad input band, absence of quantum noise, and energy-resolving calorimetry has not been harnessed in microwave quantum sensing. We report on a new type of a bolometer that simultaneously reaches the lowest noise reported for any bolometer, 20 zW/Hz0.5 [1], and is roughly three orders of magnitude faster than the previous ultralow-noise bolometers. The thermal time constant, measured at the 100-ns range, corresponds to the typical speed of state-of-the-art high-fidelity qubit readout schemes [2]. The extracted energy resolution of this bolometer being in the 10-GHz range it manifests as a potentially important future tool in reading out superconducting qubits [3] or in quantum sensing applications in the microwave regime [4]. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 8:12AM - 8:24AM |
W07.00002: Towards a Microwave Single Photon Detector Using Inelastic Cooper Pair Tunneling Joël Griesmar, Romain Albert, Juha Leppäkangas, Max Hofheinz The detection of single photons is a fundamental quantum measurement, complementary to linear amplification. However, in the microwave domain this is a difficult task due to the low energy of the photons. We present here a photo-multiplier using the energy of a Cooper pair tunneling across a voltage-biased Josephson junction to convert one microwave photon into several photons at a different frequency. This process relies on the strong non-linearity provided by the interaction between a Josephson junction and its high-impedance electromagnetic environment. We have fabricated and measured a device composed of a low critical current SQUID galvanically coupled to two high-impedance resonators. It showed conversion from one to two photons with an efficiency of 80% and also exhibited conversion from one to three photons. By cascading two of these multiplication stages and adding a quantum limited amplifier, it should be possible to discriminate itinerant single photon states from vacuum without dead time. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 8:24AM - 8:36AM |
W07.00003: Josephson single infrared photon detector Evan D. Walsh, Gil-Ho Lee, Woochan Jung, K.-F. Huang, Bae-Ian Wu, Dmitri Efetov, Thomas A Ohki, Philip Kim, Dirk R. Englund, Kin Chung Fong Josephson junction (JJ) enables many high sensitivity detectors such as SQUID amplifier, magnetometer, microwave mixer, bolometer, and parametric amplifier. In the earliest realization of Josephson detectors during the 70’s, photodetection was one of the target applications before it fell out of competition due to the lack of good detection and coupling mechanism. However, new opportunities are now opening up for photodetection by exploiting the electrical and thermal properties of graphene in the superconducting-graphene-superconducting junctions. In this talk, we report the experimental detection of near-infrared (NIR) single photons by a graphene-based JJ via non-resonant Cooper-pair breaking and the resulting quasiparticle diffusion. Our method demonstrates an efficient mechanism for the electromagnetic wave to interact directly with the JJ. Such single photon detector is an enabling technology for quantum communication, quantum computing, and could be used as cryogenic optical interconnects. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 8:36AM - 8:48AM |
W07.00004: Frequency tunable single microwave photodetector based on irreversible qubit-photon coupling Emanuele Albertinale, Raphaël Lescanne, Samuel Déleglise, Zaki Leghtas, Daniel Esteve, Patrice Bertet, Emmanuel Flurin Single photon detection is a key resource for sensing at the quantum limit and is the enabling technology for measurement-based quantum computing, however microwave photons have energies 5 orders of magnitude lower than optical ones and are therefore ineffective at triggering measurable phenomena at macroscopic scales. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 8:48AM - 9:00AM |
W07.00005: A Superconducting Detector That Counts Microwave Photons up to Two Andrii Sokolov, Frank Wilhelm We propose a detector of microwave photons which can distinguish the vacuum state, one-photon state, and the states with two or more photons. Its operation is based on the two-photon transition. The detection occurs when a Josephson junction switches from a superconducting to a normal state, which provides a macroscopic voltage. We model the detector theoretically and evaluate its performance. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 9:00AM - 9:12AM |
W07.00006: Primary thermometry of propagating microwaves in the quantum regime Marco Scigliuzzo, Andreas Bengtsson, Jean-Claude Besse, Andreas Wallraff, Per Delsing, Simone Gasparinetti The ability to control and measure the photonic occupation of propagating microwave modes down to very low temperatures is indispensable for quantum information processing with superconducting circuits, and may open opportunities for studies of thermodynamics at the nanoscale. Yet, the methods used so far are indirect, require sophisticated time-resolved measurements, and have poor temporal resolution. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate primary thermometry of propagating microwave modes, using a transmon-type superconducting circuit. We illustrate our method by measuring the radiation temperature of a highly attenuated coaxial cable connecting room-temperature electronics to the base plate of a dilution cryostat, in the range of 200 mK down to 35 mK and with resolution well below one per mil in thermal occupation. To increase the radiation temperature in a controlled fashion, we either inject calibrated, wideband digital noise, or heat the device and its environment. In the latter case, we observe the thermalization dynamics of the microwave modes in real time. Our technique can be used to benchmark filtering and attenuation schemes for superconducting quantum information processors; at the same time, it provides a novel tool for experiments in quantum thermodynamics. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 9:12AM - 9:24AM |
W07.00007: Using Superconducting Qubits for Axion Dark Matter Detection Akash Dixit, Srivatsan Chakram, Ankur Agrawal, Ravi Kaushik Naik, David I Schuster, Aaron Chou The axion is a potential solution to the strong CP problem in QCD and could account for the abundance of dark matter observed in the universe. In the presence of an applied magnetic field, the axion field will source a current used to drive a resonant cavity to single photon occupation. A transmon qubit operating as a microwave photon sensor is a viable readout system at frequencies where the added noise of quantum limited amplifiers overwhelms the signal rate. The use of a direct dispersive quantum non-demolition measurement of the photon number decouples the measurement back action from the experimental uncertainties. In this regime dark counts are the dominant sources of detector error. For a transmon qubit operating as a photon counter, dark counts occur due to qubit errors which occur with probability 1-10%. In order to mitigate the effect of individual qubit flip errors of the detector, repeated measurements of the same photon are performed. The error rate of the joint N measurements could be significantly suppressed. The detector errors are then no longer the dominant source of false positives when attempting to measure weak signals sourced by the dark matter. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 9:24AM - 9:36AM |
W07.00008: High-Q Photonic Bandgap Microwave Cavity for Dark Matter Axion Searches Ankur Agrawal, Akash Dixit, Wenjie Yao, Steven G. Johnson, Mohamed Awida, David I Schuster, Aaron Chou A 3D photonic bandgap (PBG) crystal forbids the propagation of electromagnetic waves with energy within a certain range in all directions. We create an electromagnetic cavity by designing a defect inside the crystal such that its frequency lies within the forbidden gap. With enough number of periods in the crystal, the Q-factor is only limited by the dielectric loss in the material. One of the potential applications is in the Axion Dark Matter search, which is currently limited by the usage of low Q-factor copper cavities due to the presence of a strong magnetic field. We present various designs and experimental results of dielectric materials which can significantly increase the sensitivity and scanning rate of axion search. We predict the Q-factor of a PBG cavity to increase in the presence of a large magnetic field due to the shift in the two-level system energies to a higher level. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 9:36AM - 9:48AM |
W07.00009: Her Dark Materials: Comparison of Semiconducting Targets for Multi-Channel Direct Detection of Light Dark Matter Katherine Inzani, Tanner Trickle, Zhengkang Zhang, Kathryn Zurek, Sinéad Griffin The nature of dark matter (DM) remains one of the greatest mysteries of physics. Experiments searching for DM on the mass scale of WIMPs have not established a DM signal, whilst the lighter mass range of keV to GeV is well-motivated yet unexplored. Expanding the reach of direct detection experiments down to light DM masses requires new ideas for the types of excitation that are possible and efficient pathways for their detection. Correspondingly, materials with a strong response must be identified for use as targets. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 9:48AM - 10:00AM |
W07.00010: Interfacial effects on phonon propagation through quantum sensors used for dark matter detection Thomas Harrelson, Sinead Griffin Several proposals for the direct detection of dark matter (DM) of keV-MeV masses involve the scattering and absorption of DM with quasiparticles in the meV-eV energy transfer range. At these energy scales, phonons are the dominant energy carrier in most materials. Therefore, the task of detecting DM particles reduces to the detection of athermal distributions of phonons in a target material, which is accomplished using a transition edge sensor (TES). The phonons generated by DM scattering events in the target material propagate to the interface of the TES, and are either reflected or transmitted into the TES. We use density functional theory simulations to describe the probability at which phonon distributions are transmitted through the target/TES interface, and the coherence losses in quasiparticle transmission to the sensor. Specifically we calculate currently used targets Si and GaAs, with an Al TES. We consider the commercially available crystal faces for the target materials, and use these simulations to find the best target/TES interfaces for optimizing the phonon transmission coefficients. We use this information to create more accurate models of DM detection, which allows the optimization of the target material and interfaces in the quantum sensor. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 10:00AM - 10:12AM |
W07.00011: Gain calibration of a cryogenic amplification chain using normal-metal–insulator–superconductor junctions Máté Jenei, Eric Hyyppä, Shumpei Masuda, Kuan Yen Tan, Vasilii Sevriuk, Matti Silveri, Jan Goetz, Matti Partanen, Russell Lake, Leif Grönberg, Mikko Mottonen To achieve a high-efficiency readout in a low-temperature microwave circuit using both cryogenic and room temperature electronics, the signal has to go through one or more amplifiers to obtain a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. In practice, the readout line has additional losses and reflections due to different microwave components which hinder the gain estimation. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 10:12AM - 10:24AM |
W07.00012: Josephson Parametric Amplifiers Fabricated in Wafer-scale with Side-wall Passivated Spacer Junction Technology Visa Vesterinen, Slawomir Simbierowicz, Leif Grönberg, Janne Lehtinen, Robab Najafi Jabdaraghi, Mika Prunnila, Joonas Govenius We present our latest experimental results on Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs) fabricated with our Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb junction process. The fabrication relies on UV photolithography and semi-automated 150-mm wafer processing steps, while minimizing the amount of deposited lossy dielectric materials [1]. The first JPA category is a flux-driven reflection amplifier for sub-GHz frequencies. It has found applications in the rf reflectometry of quantum dots, as well as in the rf readout of microwave nanobolometers [2] and charge detectors. Secondly, we report on the development of a 4-8 GHz traveling wave parametric amplifier tailored for the readout of superconducting quantum bits. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 10:24AM - 10:36AM |
W07.00013: Noise performance of a three-wave mixing kinetic inductance traveling-wave parametric amplifier Maxime Malnou, Jiansong Gao, Michael R. Vissers, Joel N Ullom Kinetic inductance traveling wave parametric amplifiers (KITs) have the potential to read out large numbers of qubits and cryogenic sensors due to their wide bandwidth, high saturation power, and potentially quantum-limited noise performance. However, noise in KITs has so far not been carefully studied, including its dependencies on device design and operating conditions. Here, we present a KIT based on a sub-micron resolution structure that is biased with a dc current and pumped in a three-wave mixing fashion. We experimentally evaluate its noise properties, which approach the quantum limit, and discuss its suitability for readout applications. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 10:36AM - 10:48AM |
W07.00014: Overlap junction-based Josephson parametric amplifiers (O-JPA) Mustafa Bal, Junling Long, Ruichen Zhao, Haozhi Wang, Corey Rae McRae, Russell Lake, Sungoh Park, Xian Wu, Hsiang-Sheng Ku, Daniil Frolov, Roman Pilipenko, Silvia Zorzetti, Eric T Holland, Alexander Romanenko, David Pappas We have recently developed submicron scale overlap Josephson junction fabrication process suitable for superconducting qubits with long coherence times [1]. Here, we extend the fab process to micron scale overlap junctions to enable other superconducting quantum devices such as overlap junction-based Josephson parametric amplifiers (O-JPA). We realize frequency tunable O-JPAs with negligible insertion loss. Compared to other competing processes, overlap junction process for micron scale junctions allows the fabrication of O-JPAs with high yield and good device performance at a much lower infrastructure requirements. We present the fabrication details as well as the characterization of O-JPAs. |
Friday, March 6, 2020 10:48AM - 11:00AM |
W07.00015: Fabrication tolerances for traveling wave parametric amplifiers Dennis Feng, Mehrnoosh Vahidpour, Yuvraj Mohan, Sam Stanwyck, Tyler Whyland, Nicholas Sharac, Ganesh Ramachandran, Michael Selvanayagam Resonantly phase matched traveling wave parametric amplifiers (TWPAs) [1] are sensitive to device fabrication errors. We develop a method to analyze the performance of the TWPA with emulated fabrication variations and different process parameters. We begin with an ideal analytic model and use circuit analysis and full-wave modeling to perturbatively calculate the full-circuit dispersion relation. We use this to find fabrication tolerances to different circuit parameters as well as ways to mitigate that sensitivity. We demonstrate that these robust designs with fabricated amplifiers achieve reasonable parametric gain and instantaneous bandwidth, suitable for multi-qubit multiplexed readout. |
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