Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2014
Volume 59, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 3–7, 2014; Denver, Colorado
Session S24: Detectors, Sensors, and Transducers |
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Sponsoring Units: GIMS Chair: Rob Duncan, University of Missouri Room: 504 |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 8:00AM - 8:12AM |
S24.00001: Fabrication and Characterization of a Nanocoax-Based Electrochemical Sensor Binod Rizal, Michelle M. Archibald, Jeffrey R. Naughton, Timothy Connolly, Stephen C. Shepard, Michael J. Burns, Thomas C. Chiles, Michael J. Naughton We used an imprint lithography process to fabricate three dimensional electrochemical sensors comprising arrays of vertically-oriented coaxial electrodes, with the coax cores and shields serving as working and counter electrodes, respectively, and with nanoscale separation gaps.\footnote{B. Rizal, M. M. Archibald, T. Connolly, S. Shepard, M. J. Burns, T. C. Chiles, and M. J. Naughton, Anal.Chem. 85, 10040 (2013).} Arrays of devices with different electrode gaps (coax annuli) were prepared, yielding increasing sensitivity with decreasing annulus thickness. A coax-based sensor with a 100 nm annulus was found to have sensitivity ~100 times greater than that of a conventional planar sensor control, which had millimeter-scale electrode gap spacing. We suggest that this enhancement is due to an increase in the diffusion of molecules between electrodes, which improves the current per unit surface area compared to the planar device. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 8:12AM - 8:24AM |
S24.00002: Geometric Studies of Shunt and Lead Orientation in EEC Devices F.M. Werner, S.A. Solin Electric field sensors are ubiquitous in modern technology, from field effect transistors (FETs) in circuit boards to point-of-care testing (POCT) devices used in detecting the presence of specific protein markers in blood. The transport properties of these devices are limited by two general categories: intrinsic material properties and extrinsic geometric effects. Devices with a maximum electric field resolution of 3.05V/cm were previously reported [1-2]. The metal semiconductor hybrid (MSH) devices are constructed by forming a Schottky interface between a mesa of nGaAs and Ti, while four ohmic leads surround the perimeter of the mesa and are used for four point resistance measurements. These devices exhibit extraordinary electroconductance (EEC) and make it possible to correlate measured four point resistance to changes in the local electric field. While maximizing the EEC response by optimizing the intrinsic material properties has been theoretically investigated [2], we present a phenomenological study of the impact of lead orientation and shunt geometry in the sensing capabilities of these devices. Ref [1] Yun Wang, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 262106 (2008). [2] A.K.M. Newaz, et al, Phys Rev B. 79, 195308 (2009). [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 8:24AM - 8:36AM |
S24.00003: Fabrication and Characterization of a Novel Nanodendrite-based Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Disease Biomarkers Timothy Connolly, Michelle M. Archibald, Nathan T. Nesbitt, Matthew Rossi, Jennifer A. Glover, Michael J. Burns, Michael J. Naughton, Thomas C. Chiles Technologies to detect early stage cancer would provide significant benefit to cancer disease patients. Clinical measurement of biomarkers offers the promise of a noninvasive and cost effective screening for early stage detection. We are currently developing a novel 3-dimensional nanopillar dendrite biosensor array for the detection of human cancer biomarkers ($e.g.$ CA-125 for early-stage ovarian cancer) in serum and other fluids. Here, we describe a nanoscale 3D architecture that can afford molecular detection at room temperature. We report our efforts on the development of an all-electronic, ambient temperature, rapid-response dendritic biosensor fabricated by directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) that achieves molecular-scale sensitivity for protein biomarker based detection. Each sensor is a vertically-oriented nanodendritic array where an electrochemical signal is detected from the oxidation of the redox end-product of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using the present nanodendritic array structure as a sensitive device to detect a range of proteins of interest, including disease biomarkers. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 8:36AM - 8:48AM |
S24.00004: Shear piezoelectric coefficients of PZT, LiNbO$_3$ and PMN-PT at cryogenic temperatures Syed Bukhari, Md Islam, John Beamish, Ariel Haziot Piezoelectric transducers are widely used as sensitive detectors of stress and to generate nanometer scale displacements. However, their piezoelectric coefficients often decrease substantially at cryogenic temperatures, limiting their performance in, e.g., low temperature STMs. We have recently used PZT shear transducers to measure the elastic modulus of solid $^4$He at very low strains and to plastically deform the helium at high strains. From our elastic measurements, we inferred a shear piezoelectric coefficient d$_{15} = $1.0x10$^{-10}$ m/V at temperatures below 1 K. This is about 6 times smaller than the room temperature value for PZT and comparable to d$_{15}$ for single crystal LiNbO${_3}$ transducers (7x10$^{-11}$ m/V). We have developed a capacitive technique and have directly measured the temperature dependence of d$_{15}$ for ceramic (PZT) and single crystal (LiNbO$_3$ and PMN-PT) shear transducers. PMN-PT has an extremely large d$_{15}$ at room temperature (4x10$^{-9}$ m/V) but it decreases rapidly below 100 K. LiNbO$_3$ has the smallest room temperature d$_{15}$, but it is nearly temperature-independent. At 4 K, the three types of transducers have similar piezoelectric shear coefficients. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 8:48AM - 9:00AM |
S24.00005: Characterizing Random Telegraph Frequency Noise in a Micromechanical Oscillator Fengpei Sun, Jie Zou, Zakhar Maizelis, Ho Bun Chan We perform a comprehensive study of the effect of random telegraph frequency noise(RTFN) on a micromechanical torsional oscillator. A sinusoidal driving voltage is applied to one electrode of the oscillator to excite its torsional vibration. Telegraph noise is applied to the other electrode so that the eigenfrequency of the oscillator randomly jumps back and forth between two states. This arrangement resembles a mechanical oscillator dispersively coupled to a classical or quantum two-level system. As the jumping rate of the eigenfrequency is increased, the two peaks in the spectrum of the time-averaged vibration amplitude merge into a single peak, displaying spectral broadening followed by motional narrowing. Furthermore, we analyze the ratios of the moments of the complex vibration amplitude to the powers of the averaged complex amplitude as a function of the driving frequency. If RTFN is absent, the ratios are equal to one; otherwise they deviate from one near resonance and approach to one far off resonance. The shape of the spectra depends strongly on the characteristics of RTFN and this dependence remains valid even in the presence of strong thermal or detector noise. Our results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 9:00AM - 9:12AM |
S24.00006: Discovery of higher order modes in a cylindrical reentrant-ring cavity resonator for high sensitivity displacement measurements Michael Tobar, Yaohui Fan, Zhengyu Zhang, Natalia Carvalho, Jean-Michel Le Floch, Qing Shan A microwave reentrant cavity transducer is a highly sensitive transducer, which has been developed in the past for many precision applications, including gravitational wave detection, high sensitivity optomechnics and investigating the dynamic Casimir effect. Such systems may be used for displacement measurements, sideband cooling, amplification of mechanical motion and investigating quantum behavior of mechanical resonators. The key component of the reentrant transducer is a narrow-gap superconducting reentrant cavity, which has achieve high displacement sensitivity and electrical Q-factor at low temperatures. Rigorous analysis of the properties of resonant modes in such a structure comprising of a post and ring is undertaken and verified experimentally. For the first time we show the existence of higher order reentrant cavity modes, with a significantly better displacement sensitivity compared to the common fundamental mode in a reentrant cylindrical cavity with just a single post. Thus, this type of cavity has the potential to operate as a highly sensitive transducer for a variety of precision measurement applications. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 9:12AM - 9:24AM |
S24.00007: Terahertz heterodyne detection with high-Tc superconducting Josephson junctions Maxime Malnou, Cheryl Feuillet-Palma, Alan Luo, Thomas Wolf, Christian Ulysse, Pascal Fevbre, Jerome Lesueur, Nicolas Bergeal The terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum [0.3-10THz] has, so far, not been exploited fully due to the lack of suitable sources and detectors. Indeed, THz frequency lies between the frequency range of traditional electronics and photonics where the existing technology cannot be simply extended. Superconductor-insulator-superconductor Niobium tunnel junctions that are currently used as mixing element in heterodyne receivers are intrinsically limited in frequency by the energy gap of Nb and operate only at low temperature (4.2K). An alternative to these devices consists of using High-Tc superconducting receivers. Over the past years, we have developed a new approach based on ion irradiation to make Josephson nano-junctions with YBa2Cu3O7 thin films [1,2]. In this talk we will present the fabrication process we developed and a study of the high-frequency mixing properties of such junctions from 20GHz to 400 GHz [3]. Finally, we will present the ongoing work to build an integrated heterodyne receiver that operates with an on-chip Josephson local oscillator.\\[4pt] [1] N. Bergeal et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 102502 (2005).\\[0pt] [2] N. Bergeal et al. J. Appl. Phys. 102, 083903 (2007).\\[0pt] [3] M. Malnou et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 233505 (2012). [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 9:24AM - 9:36AM |
S24.00008: Direct X-ray detection with hybrid solar cells based on organolead halide perovskites Hardeep Singh Gill, Bassem Elshahat, Erno Sajo, Jayant Kumar, Akshay Kokil, Piotr Zygmanski, Lian Li, Ravi Mosurkal Organolead halide perovskite materials are attracting considerable interest due to their exceptional opto-electronic properties, such as, high charge carrier mobilities, high exciton diffusion length, high extinction coefficients and broad-band absorption. These interesting properties have enabled their application in high performance hybrid photovoltaic devices. The high Z value of their constituents also makes these materials efficient for absorbing X-rays. Here we will present on the efficient use of hybrid solar cells based on organolead perovskite materials as X-ray detectors. Hybrid solar cells based on CH$_{3}$NH$_{3}$PbI$_{3}$ were fabricated using facile processing techniques on patterned indium tin oxide coated glass substrates. The solar cells typically had a planar configuration of ITO/CH$_{3}$NH$_{3}$PbI$_{3}$/P3HT/Ag. High sensitivity for X-rays due to high Z value, larger carrier mobility and better charge collection was observed. Detecting X-rays with energies relevant to medical oncology applications opens up the potential for diagnostic imaging applications. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 9:36AM - 9:48AM |
S24.00009: Bright Cathodoluminescent Thin Films for Scanning Nano-Optical Excitation and Imaging Craig Hetherington, D.M. Kaz, C.G. Bischak, H.H. Howard, X. Marti, J.D. Clarkson, C. Adamo, D.G. Schlom, R. Ramesh, S. Aloni, D.F. Ogletree, N.S. Ginsberg Demand for visualizing nanoscale dynamics in biological and advanced materials continues to drive the development of sub-diffraction optical probes. While many strategies employ scanning tips for this purpose, we instead exploit a focused electron beam to create scannable nanoscale optical excitations in an epitaxially grown thin-film of cerium-doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (YAP:Ce), whose cathodoluminescence response is bright, robust, and spatially resolved to 18 nm. We also demonstrate lithographic patterning of the film's luminescence at the nanoscale. In combination with our observation of resonant energy transfer (RET) from the film to nearby fluorophores, preliminary results after exposing both faces of the scintillating film point toward a powerful means of fast, bright, non-invasive near-field optical microscopy without the complication of mechanical scanning. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 9:48AM - 10:00AM |
S24.00010: Semiconducting boron carbide polymers devices for neutron detection Elena Echeverria, Frank L. Pasquale, Robinson James, Juan A. Col\'on Santana, Shireen Adenwalla, Jeffry A. Kelber, Peter A. Dowben Boron carbide materials, with aromatic compounds included, prove to be effective materials as solid state neutron detector detectors. The I-V characteristic curves for these heterojunction diodes with silicon show that these modified boron carbides, in the presence of these linking groups such as 1,4-diaminobenzene (DAB) and pyridine, are p-type. Cadmium was used as shield to discriminate between neutron-induced signals and thermal neutrons, and thermal neutron capture is evident, while gamma detection was not realized. Neutron detection signals for these heterojunction diode were observed, a measurable zero bias current noted, even without complete electron-hole collection. This again illustrates that boron carbide devices can be considered a neutron voltaic [1]. \\[4pt] [1] N. Hong, J. Mullins, K. Foreman, S. Adenwalla, J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 43 (2010) 275101 [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 10:00AM - 10:12AM |
S24.00011: PTIS (Photo-Thermal Ionization Spectroscopy) and its application in HPGe purification and crystal growth Yutong Guan, Jayesh Govani, Gang Yang, Guojian Wang, Chaoyang Jiang, Dongming Mei Detector fabrication requires high pure Germanium crystal with impurity level of $\sim$ 1010/cm3. To reach such a low impurity level, it's important to identify the impurity and trace its source during zone refining and crystal growth. PTIS (Photo-thermal ionization spectroscopy) is the combination of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and photo-thermal ionization of shallow impurities (acceptors and donors). Working with JASCO, we have developed a PTIS at USD. With a PTIS in house, we identify the major impurities, boron, aluminum and phosphor, in HPGe. The feedback is provided to control the parameters and procedure for the zone refining and crystal growth. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 10:12AM - 10:24AM |
S24.00012: Atomic Force Microscope using Length-Extension Resonator, revealing an atomic resolution Sungmin Kim, Myungchul Oh, Hyung Joon Cho, SangJun Jeon, Minjun Lee, Beomyong Hwang, Seong Joon Lim, Young Kuk Various molecular images with an sub-angstrom have been reported using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) force-sensed with a qPlus tuning fork. Length-Extension Resonator (LER) is alternative way to achieve the same goal. An LER has usually a higher resonance frequency and higher Q value that result in an order of magnitude higher sensitivity than a q-plus sensor. The noise can be reduced from the frequency dependence of 1/$\surd $f. In this study we used an LER with the resonance frequency of $\sim$ 630 KHz. We designed and fabricated a cryogenic temperature current preamplifier having an 1 MHz bandwidth. This AFM was operated at 4.5 K under ultrahigh vacuum. Various molecular images will be presented in this presentation. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 10:24AM - 10:36AM |
S24.00013: MOVED TO M23.002 |
Thursday, March 6, 2014 10:36AM - 10:48AM |
S24.00014: Variable Temperature Setup for Scanning Electron Microscopy in Liquids and Atmospheric Pressure Gaseous Environments Ahmed Al-Asadi, Jie Zhang, Jianbo Li, Lauraine Denault, Radislav Potyrailo, Andrei Kolmakov A thermoelectric cooling / heating setup for commercial Quantomix QX WETSEM scanning electron microscopy environmental cells was designed and tested. This addition allows extending ambient pressure \textit{in situ} studies to be conducted in a wide temperature range both in liquid and gaseous environments. Instead of cooling/heating the entire body of QX-WETCELL, ultrathin polyimide electron transparent membrane window supported by metal mesh on the top of the cell has been used as an agent for heat transfer to/ from the Pelltier element. A butterfly wing of \textit{Morph sulkowskyi} has been used as a model object in the QX-WETCELL's chamber due to its unique micro/nanostructure and peculiar wettability behavior. The dynamics of the water desorption, condensation and freezing processes were observed complementary using both optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy \textit{in} \textit{vivo}. The observations revel that the initial droplet formation were most likely taking place on the top of the wing ridges due to the waxy component of its surface. In addition, The SEM observation showed that the high intensity electron beam can heat the butterfly wing locally delaying the water condensation and freezing processes. [Preview Abstract] |
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