Session G1: Poster Session

Testing the rotation stage for the ARIADNE axion experiment

The Axion Resonant InterAction Detection Experiment (ARIADNE) will search for the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) axion, a hypothetical particle that is a dark matter candidate. Using a new technique based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in 3He, the method can probe well into the allowed PQ axion mass window [1]. Additionally, it does not rely on cosmological assumptions. Our project relies on a stable rotary mechanism and superconducting magnetic shielding. Superconducting shielding is essential for limiting magnetic noise, thus allowing a feasible level of sensitivity required for PQ axion detection. Progress on testing the stability of the rotary mechanism will be reported, and the design for the superconducting shielding in the experiment will be discussed. [1] A. Arvanitaki and A. Geraci, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 161801 (2014).   

Precision Measurement of Nuclear Recoils in Liquid Argon with the ARIS Experiment

One of the unique challenges facing direct dark matter searches is the characterization of the target particle signal. The goal of the Argon Recoil Ionization and Scintillation (ARIS) experiment is to measure the response of nuclear recoils in liquid argon (as expected from WIMPs) by quantifying the scintillation and ionization energy scale, quenching factor, ion recombination probability, and scintillation time response. A time projection chamber with an active mass of \textasciitilde 0.5 kg of liquid argon was exposed to a highly columnated inverse kinematic neutron beam at the Institut de Physique Nucleaire d'Orsay in France. A scan of nuclear recoil energies was performed at various electric fields. Present status of the experiment will be presented.   

Modeling Convection and Differential Rotation in Stellar Dynamos

According to gyrochronology, older sun-like stars have rotation rates that are slower than the sun’s current rotation rate due to a loss of angular momentum over time. As stars age, they can exhibit changing characteristics like altered dynamo action or frequency of coronal mass ejections or solar flares which are inherently connected to the rotation rate of the star. These changing characteristics can directly affect the environments of the planets that orbit the star, which illustrates the vital role of stars in determining the habitability of exoplanets. Using the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code called RAYLIEGH, which solves the MHD equations for a 3 dimensional rotating shell, we observed the hydrodynamics of the convection zone of these slower rotating sun like stars. Our results show solar like behavior at the current solar rotation. As we decrease rotation rate, we see the differential rotation weaken and then reverse. Our simulations also show that with increased diffusion there is decreased rotational influence on convection and hence anti-solar rotation.   

Modeling Convection and Differential Rotation in Stellar Dynamos II

Stellar variability is a key physical process that determines the potential habitability of planets. Stellar magnetism drives variability on short to moderate timescales by generating magnetic spots, which lead to explosive events such as flares and decadal variations due to activity cycles. By studying our Sun's magnetic activity we can then see how other stars' magnetic activity might affect their planets' habitability. Stellar magnetism comes from the convection and rotation deep in the stars’ interiors. These magnetic fields can then rise to the photosphere where they are observed as sunspots. Rotational influences on deep convection then leads to differential rotation. We present simulations of the convective zones of sun-like stars using the Rayleigh code. Our simulations explore the impact of changing the level of the rotational constraint either by increasing the level of turbulence or by decreasing the rotational rate. Our simulations achieve solar-like differential rotation for solar-like conditions, however we also find that the stars with slightly less rotational constraint experience a clear change in their differential rotation profiles from solar-like (fast equator, slow poles) to anti-solar (slow equator, fast poles).   

Very High Energy Blazars and Optical Astronomy

A blazar is a type of active galactic nucleus (AGN) that emits a relativistic jet oriented towards the observer. At the very high energy range (VHE; \textgreater 100 GeV), blazars emit gamma rays from the region of the relativistic jet. These gamma-ray emissions come from the most energetic processes in the entire universe. By using the Kast Spectrometer coupled with the Shane 3-meter telescope at the Lick Observatory, we measure the optical emission lines from the VHE blazar sources with variable gamma-ray flux in an attempt to collect information on the cosmological distance to each source through the measurement of source redshift. Doing so will allow us to ascertain the distance of each source to the Earth, which is needed in order to determine the source luminosity, andhow much of the source photon flux has interacted with the extragalactic background light (EBL) on its voyage to Earth. By determining the intrinsic gamma-ray flux of the sources, researchers hope to utilizethat information to better understandthe mechanism driving the gamma-ray emissions from VHE blazars.   

Studying Markarian 421 with VERITAS

Markarian 421 is a BL Lac-type active galaxy that is located in the direction of the Ursa Major constellation at a redshift of z = 0.03 (e.g. 122 megaparsecs). The source is one of the closest objects of its type and has been known to be a strong source of very high-energy gamma rays since 1992. The Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), which is made up of four 12 meter imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes located at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in southern Arizona, has been studying Markarian 421 since 2007. The poster will describe a brief theory of how the gamma-ray emission from Markarian 421 might be produced, how VERITAS detects gamma rays from the ground, and describe the VERITAS dataset of Markarian 421 over the last 9 years.   

Experimental Apparatus for Coupling Dielectric Nanospheres to Cold Atoms

We are constructing an experiment designed to couple cold atoms to optically trapped nanospheres, in which our research team hopes to cool the nanospheres to their ground state. In this experiment, cold Rubidium atoms and optically levitated nanospheres are located in two separate vacuum chambers. The nanospheres will be coupled to the cold atoms by a one dimensional optical lattice. If successful, the cooled spheres can be used as a source for matter-wave interferometry. In the future, such matter-wave interferometry could be used for acceleration sensing, searching for Yukawa-type corrections to gravity, and for making Casimir force measurements between the spheres and a surface.~   

Quantum coherent dynamics of the V-system strongly driven by incoherent light

The three-level V-system is a minimal model to describe the energy transfer dynamics in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes illuminated by incoherent light. To investigate the role of quantum coherence in the operation of light-harvesting devices under strong incoherent illumination, we solve the Bloch-Redfield quantum master equations and obtain analytic expressions for the population and coherence dynamics of the symmetric V-system. We observe the emergence of a slowly decaying eigenmode, suggesting the presence of long-lived coherences induced by strong incoherent driving.   

Fullerene and Carbon Nano Tube for Cancer Treatment

A molecule or compound becomes reactive after it gives off electrons by the molecular dynamics. This helps to stabilize the cell affected by cancer caused by the Reactive Oxidative Species (ROS). This project aims to determine the thermodynamic stability of various compounds in Fullerene, carbon nano tubes and their derivatives using a computational quantum physics and chemical physics. Density Functional Theory (DFT) and molecular mechanics are used in order to model the electron properties of the compound. Through the simulation, better and safer functional groups with fullerene, which can be used in the cancer treatment with less optimization energy, were found by checking their optimized molecular energy both stereo-chemically and thermo-dynamically. Using the Avogadro and Gamess that allow performing such computations for the compounds, this program shows the optimized geometry energy levels of Fullerene Nano Molecules Used in PDT (Photodynamic Therapy) and fully determines the theoretical values of the structure’s atomic properties.   

Effect of the $\pi$-$\pi$ interactions on the Glass Transition Temperature of Nanometer Thin Polystyrene Films

The glass transition in free-standing films of linear and cyclic polystyrene (PS) was studied to identify a potential relationship between glass transition temperature (T$_{g}$) and film thickness. United-atom molecular-dynamic simulations were performed on free-standing films of varying thicknesses. Data revealed a positive correlation between T$_{g}$ and film thickness, i.e. T$_{g}$ decreases as film thickness decreases. At 20 nm the difference is less than 1$\%$, while at 2.5 nm the difference is 13$\%$ for linear and 9$\%$ for cyclic chains. Recent studies show that a larger number of end groups inhabit the interface rather than the middle of the film and that a deficit of phenyl groups exists in the interfacial film layers nearly 1 nm below the surface. The large number of end groups would increase interfacial layer mobility while the deficit of phenyl groups would weaken the phenyl-phenyl aromatic ($\pi$-$\pi$) interaction. Through comparing the linear and cyclic PS, it was shown that cyclic chains lack end groups but the cyclic PS has an observed deficit of phenyl rings comparable to that in linear polymers. Therefore, the ($\pi$-$\pi$) interaction seems to be the reason for the observed T$_{g}$ dependence on the thickness of thin PS films.   

Frustration in Condensed Matter and Protein Folding

By means of computer modeling, we are studying frustration in condensed matter and protein folding. Frustration is due to random and/or competing interactions between characters. One definition of frustration is the sum of squares of the differences between actual and expected distances between characters. If this sum is non-zero then the system is said to have frustration. A computer simulation ``Frustration'' is used to track the movement of characters to lower their frustration. Our research is conducted on frustration as a function of temperature using a logarithmic scale. At absolute zero, the relaxation for frustration is mostly a power function for randomly assigned patterns or an exponential function for regular patterns like Thomson figures. Thomson shapes are formed and the temperature-dependent frustration shows exponential behavior. At later times a linear trend sets in, close to zero or finite frustration. These findings have implications for protein folding; we attempt to apply our frustration modeling to protein folding and dynamics. We use coding in Python to simulate different ways a protein can fold. An algorithm is being developed to find the lowest frustration (and thus energy) states possible.   

Search for O$^{\mathbf{-1}}$ earthquake-like precursors: a MaxEnt-$\mu $SR MgO study

We study O$^{\mathbf{-1}}$ earthquake-like precursor effects [1,2] by analyzing $\mu $SR MgO data using MaxEnt (ME). [3,4] Due to its presence in the Earth's crust, MgO is ideal to study these features: O$^{\mathbf{-1}}$ formation results from a 2-stage break-up in an O anion pair at high-temperatures or high-pressure conditions. [2] As T increases above roomtemperature, a small {\%} is predicted to produce an O$^{\mathbf{-1}}$ state. ME analysis of 100-Oe $\mu $SR data of a pure 3N-MgO single crystal show a broad Gaussian at 1.36 MHz and a sharp signal at 1.4 MHz. The latter could be effects of extended O$^{\mathbf{-1}}$ states, as positive muons probe near negative O ions. There is no sharp 1.4-MHz signal observed in $\mu $SR data of the insulators Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$ [5] and PrBCO6, only the expected 100-Oe Gaussian. We have fitted ME-uSR transforms of MgO to obtain an empirical description of the two peaks. Their T dependences above RT appear to be positive-hole effects. The O-valency effects, related to earthquake-like precursors, are discussed. 1] FT Freund, Nat Hazards Earth Sys Sci \textbf{7} (2007) 1. 2] FT Freund \textit{et al,} Phys Chem Earth \textbf{31} (2006) 389. 3] C Boekema and MC Browne, MaxEnt 2008, AIP Conf Proc {\#}1073 p260. 4] S Lee \textit{et al,} HUIC Educ, Math {\&} Eng Tech Conf, Uo HI (2013). 5] C Boekema \textit{et al}, Hprfn Inter 32 (1986) 667.   

Mechanical Strength of Beta-Solenoid Proteins Under Bending and Twisting Simulations

We present a study of the mechanical properties of seven beta-solenoid antifreeze proteins, using molecular dynamics simulations. The goal is three-fold: (i) to collect and organize data on a range of beta-solenoid proteins, (ii) to investigate the validity and reproducibility of common techniques of measuring the mechanical strength of proteins computationally, and (iii) to find evidence for relationships between attributes of these proteins and their mechanical strength. The proteins studied vary in length, number of turns, amino acids per turn, handedness, cross-sectional area, and number of sides. The mechanical properties of the proteins are measured by conducting and analyzing bending and twisting simulations, in multiple directions, for each protein. The results are validated in part by repeating the procedure, for each direction, for each protein. Values for the bending and twisting moduli are calculated and tabulated.   

Reliability Study of Normal Mode Analysis on the BPTI Protein

Normal mode analysis (NMA) is a method of treating a system as a collection of spring-connected masses, with the spring constants determined by the forces acting on the system. This technique is widely used in analyzing proteins to ascertain large-scale correlated movements which may be important to the protein’s function, as well as mechanical properties such as stiffness. We wish to apply NMA to an engineered protein mesh formed by a regular lattice of fibrillar proteins as a measure of its mechanical strength and stability. In order to determine the reliability of such measurements, we use the same parameters to perform NMA on the well-studied protein Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor (BPTI). We use two force models: (1) a full molecular dynamics force field, which parametrizes forces between all atom types; and (2) an anisotropic network model, which couples proximal central carbon atoms to a harmonic potential. These two models are applied to both all-atom and coarse-grained representations of the protein. We obtain the frequency spectrum and root-mean-square fluctuation per residue and compare these data across models, and to simulated and experimental literature values.   

Novel Tests of Gravity Below Fifty Microns

Theories which attempt to unify the Standard Model and General Relativity often include features which violate the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) and gravitational Inverse-Square Law (ISL). A violation of either the WEP or ISL at any length scale would bring into question our fundamental understanding of gravity. Motivated by these considerations, undergraduates and faculty at Humboldt State University are building an experiment to probe gravitational interactions below the 50-micron length scale. The experiment employs a torsion pendulum with equal masses of different material arranged as a ``composition dipole.'' We measure the twist of the torsion pendulum as an attractor mass is oscillated nearby in a parallel-plate configuration, providing a time varying torque on the pendulum. The size and distance dependence of the torque variation will provide a means to determine any deviation from the WEP or ISL at untested scales.   

Ultra-sensitive force sensing using nanospheres in an optical lattice

Some theories suggest that at small length scales, Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity may exist. This poster details the progress of an experiment designed to test for these deviations using silica nanospheres levitated in an optical lattice. The nanospheres are used as ultrasensitive force sensors by measuring their displacement when subjected to a changing gravitational force due to the nearby oscillation of a microfabricated test mass.   

The Three-Loop Four-Point Amplitude in planar ${\cal N} = 4$ Super Yang-Mills via the Amplituhedron

The traditional approach to quantum field theory leads to the introduction of unnecessary and unphysical redundancies, obscures certain symmetries, and results in computational difficulties associated with calculating scattering amplitudes for almost all interesting non-trivial processes. However, the apparent complexity is usually not present in the final answer. In recent years, a new perspective on reformulating quantum field theory involving the purely geometric object known as amplituhedron has been proposed. In this approach, locality and unitarity do not play a central role but rather emerge as derived features from the positive geometry of the amplituhedron. Scattering amplitudes can then be calculated through the computation of amplituhedron volume with a specific volume form. Following these recent discoveries, we continue to explore the amplituhedron in the simplest case of the integrand for four-particle scattering amplitude in planar ${\cal N} = 4$ SYM and give an explicit calculation for the three-loop case. This result is compared with the known result obtained by unitarity methods found in literature.   

A Search for New Particle decaying to two Higgs Bosons at the ATLAS Experiment at CERN

A search for an exotic particle in p-p collisions at a center of mass energy of 13 TeV decaying into two Higgs Bosons which decay further into a pair of b quarks and a pair of photons using the ATLAS detector at CERN is presented . The angular distributions between objects are analyzed for subsequent optimization using a multivariate algorithm (MVA). The goal of this analysis is to identify which combination of these angular distributions can maximize the separation between the signal and background. The results are then fed these into an MVA to find signal and background events in the data. A comparison between Monte Carlo simulation and data from was also performed.   

Development of a Fast Tracker Trigger (FTK) for the ATLAS Experiment at CERN

As part of the ATLAS Experiment at CERN, I worked on the Fast Tracker Trigger (FTK) that is part of an upgrade to the ATLAS Detector's trigger system that selects which events to save for later analysis. The Associated Memory Board (AMB) is responsible for recognizing patterns in the data received from ATLAS's sub-detectors that indicate that tracks corresponding to events of possible interest have been found. A simulation of the AMB board was developed along with software to analyze and debug its performance.   

The First-Ever High Speed Video Capturing the "Snap" Transition of a Bimetallic Disc

Heating and cooling of snap-acting bimetallic discs (SABMDs) induces rapid transitions (snaps) between concave and convex equilibrium states. Additionally, thermal stress causes the shape expressed by a disc to change significantly at temperatures near the snapping temperatures. The typical size of commercially produced SABMDs is 2-3 cm in diameter. Here we present a new fabrication method for large-scale discs which we've employed to create the world's biggest SABMDs with diameters up to 15 cm. This new larger class of discs transition on a longer time scale compared to their smaller counterparts. This has allowed us to capture the first high-speed videos fully documenting the transition process. We present these findings in addition to precision measurements showing the shape of discs as they change with temperature prior to the dynamic snapping process.   

Copper Phthalocyanine Crystal Growth Dependence on Gold Substrate Roughness

Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin films play an important role in the design of various electronics, such as gas sensors and photovoltaic devices. CuPc thin films of thickness 30 nm were deposited on gold-coated silicon substrates with two different deposition temperatures to vary the crystal size of copper phthalocyanine. The roughness of gold is modified using different thicknesses of gold. X-ray diffraction in Bragg-Brentano configuration was used to determine the crystal structure of the CuPc thin films. A dominant peak at the d-spacing of 1.3 nm suggests that the planar molecules are standing upright on the substrate. This peak diminishes for CuPc thin films deposited at higher growth temperatures and thicker gold films. For this group of thin films, a new peak corresponding to a d-spacing of 3.1 nm still manifests crystal growth, but suggests that the planar molecule is growing flat. The data therefore suggests that CuPc crystals can grow on gold surfaces with the b-axis aligned either parallel or perpendicular depending on the substrate roughness.   

Development of an Internet-Enabled Tool for NSTX-U Thomson Diagnostic Data

MultiPoint Thomson Scattering (MPTS) is an established, accurate method of finding the temperature, density, and pressure of a magnetically confined plasma. Two Nd:YAG (1064 nm) lasers are fired into the plasma with a effective frequency of 60 Hz, and the light is Doppler shifted by Thomson scattering. Polychromators on the NSTX-U midplane collect the scattered photons at various radii/scattering angles, and the avalanche photodiode voltages are saved to an MDSplus tree for later analysis. IDL code is then used to determine plasma temperature, pressure, and density from the captured polychromator measurements via Selden formulas.[1] OMFIT, from the General Atomics Fusion Theory Team, is a rich data workflow package used on DIII-D, NSTX-U, and other experiments to rapidly investigate and draw conclusions from collated data sets and simulations. OMFIT can also be used as a data access source into other toolkits and fusion analysis software. This project, written in Python and taking advantage of late-generation Internet software technologies, uses OMFIT to rapidly find and visualize Thomson diagnostic plasma characteristics enabling scientists to gain a quick understanding of shot behavior and timeframes.   

Investigation of laser induced plasma plume dynamics dependence on target geometry

Target geometry effects on plume dynamics have been investigated as part of an effort to develop cost-effective targets for upcoming neutron production experiments at the Nevada Terawatt Facility. Plastic targets were manufactured using different methods, including 3D printing, CNC machining, and vacuum casting. Preliminary target designs were made using a 3D printer and ABS plastic material. These targets were then tested using a 3 J laser with a 5 ns duration pulse. A 16-channel framing camera was used to record the plume shape and propagation speeds were determined from analysis of the images. The expansion of the laser plumes was shown to be dependent on the initial target geometry. Targets with a deep conical depression were shown to produce highly collimated plumes when compared to flat top targets. Preliminary results of these experiments will be discussed along with planned future experiments that will use the indented targets with a 30 J laser with a 0.8 ns duration pulse in preparation for pinched laser plume experiments at the Nevada Terawatt Facility.   

Al Double Planar Wire Array Z-pinches on the UM MAIZE LTD generator

Double Planar Wire Arrays (DPWAs), which consist of two parallel rows of fine wires, are very efficient radiators and a very good object to study implosion dynamics and radiative properties of wire arrays. New DPWA experiments were performed using 12.7 and 15 micron Al wires in different load geometries on the University of Michigan's 0.5-1 MA, 150-250 ns risetime MAIZE Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) generator. Diagnostics included four x-ray detecting diodes, two x-ray pinhole cameras, two x-ray spectrometers, and 12 frame shadowgraphy which captured a very broad range spanning 120 ns up to 190 ns from the current start. Non-LTE kinetic modeling of x-ray spectra estimates electron temperatures up to 445 eV for K-shell plasmas. Implosion and radiative analysis of Al DPWA Z-pinches will be discussed.   

Not All Physical Laws are the Same in All Inertial Reference Frames

The laws of physics are not the same in all directions for a moving object according to the Special Theory of Relativity, since lengths which are oblique to the direction motion are contracted with the oblique-factor OC(v,$\theta )$, while the lengths along the motion direction are contracted with a different factor C(v), but lengths that are perpendicular to the direction motion are not contracted at all; which require different inertia values for the moving object. There are universal constants that are not quite ``constant'' throughout the universe. Would it be possible to get physical systems where the energy conservation law doesn't hold? Would it be possible to get physical systems where the Earth's physical laws are invalid? Maybe our laws are only local, but non-local laws may apply in other galaxies. We believe on other planets, or in other solar systems, galaxies the laws of physics are not the same. The Laws of Physics are influenced by the medium composition, velocity, etc. of the frame of reference.   

Not Gravitational Lensing, but Medium Lensing

According to the General Theory of Relativity the gravity curves the spacetime and everything overthere follows a curved path. The space being curved near massive cosmic bodies is just a metaphor, not a fact. We dough that gravity is only geometry. The deflection of light (Gravitational Lensing) near massive cosmic bodies is not due because of a ``curved space'', but because of the medium composition (medium that could be formed by waves, particles, plasma, dust, gaseous, fluids, solids, etc.), to the medium density, to the medium heterogeneity, and to the electromagnetic and gravitational fields contained in that medium that light passes through. This medium can deviate the light direction, because of the interactions of photons with other particles. The space is not empty, as Theory of Relativity says. It has various nebulae and fields and corpuscles, etc. Light bends not only because of the gravity. Light bends because of the medium gradient and refraction index, similarly as light bends when it leaves or enters a liquid, a plastic, a glass, or quartz. The inhomogeneous medium may act as an optical lens such that its refractive index varies in a fashion. We talk about a Medium Lensing, which means that photons interact with other particles in the medium.   

Contract Theory & "CFD-Contract for Differences/ComputationalFluidDynamics

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Self-Balancing Resistance Bridge as Cryogenic Temperature Measurement System.

A self-balancing resistance bridge was developed for use in a cryogenic temperature measurement system. In this system, a wheatstone bridge is used in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier to measure the resistance of a carbon resistor, whose resistance depends on the temperature. Self-balancing of the bridge is achieved through LabVIEW, along with a voltage controlled resistor which was designed for this purpose and consists of an enclosed LED-photocell system. Changes in the voltage to the LED changes its brightness, which in turn changes the resistance of the photocell. Tests show that the system should meet the needs of the low temperature lab.   

Analytical study to Micromagnetic Model of the structure of Nanocompositre Magnets

In tis study discussed the basic principles of the theory of Stoner-Wohlfarth assuming that bound and its implications on the calculations of magnetization as a function of field of external magnetic H known that for nanostructures as a consequence of refining the grain size to the nanometre scale, the results of magneization measurements on the contrary to the theory of Stoner-Wohlfarth. The calculation result magnetization based models shows nanostructures micromagnetic implications increased remanent value exceeds the value allowed by the Stoner-Wohlfarh theory.It was concluded that it needed a new model to explain magnetization of ferromagnet materials with nanostructures. It is necessary to anticipate the new class of electronics taking into account the charge carrier spin/spintronics.Also recommended the models given its proximity to the fact relates to crystal structures that are built by atoms.   

"Contract Theory to Fractal Fusion/Reactors"

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Planck Force is Tension of Spacetime (General Relativity & Estakhr's expression of Einstein Field Equation(

As we know Planck force is often useful in scientific calculations as a ratio of electromagnetic energy per gravitational length. Thus for example it appears in the Einstein field equations , describing the properties of a gravitational field surrounding any given mass: $G_{\mu\nu} =8\pi\frac{G}{c^4} T_{\mu\nu}$ , where $G_{\mu\nu}$ is the Einstein tensor, and $T_{\mu\nu}$ is the energy–momentum tensor. But I got in this way $A^{\mu\nu}=\frac{1}{G_{\mu\nu}}$ where $A^{\mu\nu}$ is the Estakhr tensor which is inverse of Einstein tensor. so then we have: $8\pi T_{\mu\nu}A^{\mu\nu}=F_p$ as you can see in my representation of Einstein field equations Planck force turn out to be actually "a tension constant of the space time fabric" $F_p=T$.