Thermal and Momentum Profile in Turbulent Boundary Layers with Surface Mass Transfer*

Direct numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the effects of surface mass transfer on the

temperature and velocity in turbulent boundary layers. The theories based on the linear boundary layer show that the

thickness of sublayer increases in the presence of surface blowing; therefore, the classical viscous sublayer and law of

the wall are no longer valid. A functional law of the wall and wake law is established by relating the wall shear stress,

the Reynolds number, and the transpiration velocity with DNS results. Emphasis is placed on moderate and high mass

transfer rates, which are relevant to the most common hybrid rocket configuration. Analysis of the mean kinetic energy

budget shows that the magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy increases by surface mass transfer, and the production rate

extends significantly in the inner layer as the injection rate increases. It is hypothesized that the blowing rate affects the

heat transfer rate in the boundary layer. Therefore, a model will also be presented to scale the temperature profile, and

heat transfer in the boundary layer with surface blowing.