The surface signal of gravity waves generated by massive star core convection*

The cores of stars at least 20% more massive than the Sun are convective, and turbulent motions in the core launch gravity waves which may imprint upon the stellar surface in observable ways. We present the first 3D simulations of massive star convection extending from the star's center to near its surface, with realistic stellar luminosities. We measure both the luminosity of waves generated by the convective core and the features of those waves at the outer boundary of the simulations. Using the gravity wave eigenmodes of the simulation wave cavity, we construct a transfer function which accurately predicts the wave signal at the outer boundary given the wave luminosity. We then use this method to predict the observable consequences of gravity waves at the surfaces of massive stars.