Tip effects on three-dimensional wake dynamics over high-incidence finite-aspect-ratio wings*

Separated flows over a canonical unswept finite-aspect-ratio wing exhibits complex wake dynamics due to its tip effects. To reveal the fundamental physics of three-dimensional separation, we employ direct numerical simulation over a range of Reynolds numbers, aspect ratios, and angle of attacks for a NACA0015 airfoil. We identify three key regions in the wake based on its dynamics, namely (1) the tip, (2) spanwise shedding, and (3) interacting regions. The dynamics observed in these regions not only show distinct vortex dynamics but also exhibit unique separation patterns over the wing surface. Furthermore, we examine the influence of these dynamics on the sectional forces on the wing. Based on the present parametric study, we map out the behavior of the wake over the angle of attack and aspect ratio.