Bulletin of the American Physical Society
67th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics
Volume 59, Number 20
Sunday–Tuesday, November 23–25, 2014; San Francisco, California
Session L12: Biofluids: Paddling and Jetting |
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Chair: Laura Miller, University of North Carolina Room: 3018 |
Monday, November 24, 2014 3:35PM - 3:48PM |
L12.00001: Hydrodynamics of Peristaltic Propulsion Athanasios Athanassiadis, Douglas Hart A curious class of animals called salps live in marine environments and self-propel by ejecting vortex rings much like jellyfish and squid. However, unlike other jetting creatures that siphon and eject water from one side of their body, salps produce vortex rings by pumping water through siphons on opposite ends of their hollow cylindrical bodies. In the simplest cases, it seems like some species of salp can successfully move by contracting just two siphons connected by an elastic body. When thought of as a chain of timed contractions, salp propulsion is reminiscent of peristaltic pumping applied to marine locomotion. Inspired by salps, we investigate the hydrodynamics of peristaltic propulsion, focusing on the scaling relationships that determine flow rate, thrust production, and energy usage in a model system. We discuss possible actuation methods for a model peristaltic vehicle, considering both the material and geometrical requirements for such a system. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 3:48PM - 4:01PM |
L12.00002: Fluid-Dynamics of Underwater Flight in Sea Butterflies: Analysis using Tomographic PIV D. Adhikari, D.W. Murphy, D.R. Webster, J. Yen Sea butterflies, \textit{Limacina helicina}, swim in sea water with a pair of gelatinous ``wings'' (or parapodia). Their unique propulsion mechanism has been hypothesized to consist of a combination of drag-based propulsion (rowing) and lift-based propulsion (flapping). Drag-based propulsion utilizes maximum drag on the wings during power stroke, followed by minimum drag during recovery stroke. Lift-based propulsion, in contrast, utilizes a pressure difference between the top and bottom of the wings. We present the 3D kinematics of a free-swimming sea butterfly and its induced volumetric velocity field using tomographic PIV. Both upstroke and downstroke motions propel the animal (1 -- 3 mm) upward in a sawtooth-like trajectory with average speed of 5 -- 15 mm/s (\textit{Re} $=$ 5 -- 45) and roll the calcareous shell forwards-and-backwards at 4 -- 5 Hz. The rolling motion effectively positions the wings such that they stroke downward during both the power and recovery strokes, hence inducing upward motion during both phases. A clap-and-fling mechanism is observed at the beginning of the flapping cycle. As the wings come into contact, the velocity of the organism is 2 mm/s. During fling motion, high (unsteady) lift causes the organism velocity to reach 35 mm/s. Separation vortices are observed during the fling motion, and vortices with an opposite sense of rotation form closer to the base of the wing due to the upward translation of the organism. The separation vortices shed into the wake, as the organism translates upward, in the form of separate vortex pairs. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 4:01PM - 4:14PM |
L12.00003: Fluid Dynamics of Underwater Flight in Sea Butterflies: Insights from Computational Modeling Zhuoyu Zhou, Rajat Mittal, Jeannette Yen, Donald Webster Sea butterflies such as Limacine helicina swim by flapping their wing-like parapodia, in a stroke that exhibits a clap-and-fling type kinematics as well as a strong interaction between the parapodia and the body of the animal at the end of downstroke. We used numerical simulations based on videogrammetric data to examine the fluid dynamics and force generation associated with this swimming motion. The unsteady lift-generating mechanism of clap-and-fling results in a sawtooth trajectory with a characteristic ``wobble'' in pitch. We employ coupled flow-body-dynamics simulations to model the free-swimming motion of the organism and explore the efficiency of propulsion as well the factors such as shell weight, that affect its sawtooth swimming trajectory. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 4:14PM - 4:27PM |
L12.00004: Kinematics and Fluid Dynamics of Jellyfish Maneuvering Laura Miller, Alex Hoover Jellyfish propel themselves through the water through periodic contractions of their elastic bells. Some jellyfish, such as the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita and the upside down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana, can perform turns via asymmetric contractions of the bell. The fluid dynamics of jellyfish forward propulsion and turning is explored here by analyzing the contraction kinematics of several species and using flow visualization to quantify the resulting flow fields. The asymmetric contraction and structure of the jellyfish generates asymmetries in the starting and stopping vortices. This creates a diagonal jet and a net torque acting on the jellyfish. Results are compared to immersed boundary simulations [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 4:27PM - 4:40PM |
L12.00005: Simulation of prolate swimming jellyfish with jet-based locomotion Sung Goon Park, Boyoung Kim, Jin Lee, Wei-Xi Huang, Hyung Jin Sung The hydrodynamic patterns in the wake of swimming jellyfish are based on the bell morphology. Jellyfish with a prolate bell morphology form a clear jet structure in the wake. A three-dimensional computational model was used to analyze the hydrodynamic patterns. The Froude propulsion efficiency, defined by the ratio of the value of the energy required to deform the elastic bell to the value of the average center velocity multiplied by the thrust, was compared with different forms of the elastic bell deformation. The immersed boundary method was adopted to consider the interaction between the swimming jellyfish and surrounding fluid. Due to the effect of the momentum transferred to the surrounding fluid by the bell deformation, the rotational fluid mass was formed, called vortices. The vortex structures in the wake of prolate swimming jellyfish were elucidated in detail in both quantitative and qualitative ways. A dimensionless temporal parameter was employed to investigate the vortex formation process quantitatively. The starting/stopping vortex structures were generated during the contraction/relaxation phase. During the early stage of the contraction, the vortex structures were mainly generated by the stroke, then the ejected fluid was entrained into the vortex structures. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 4:40PM - 4:53PM |
L12.00006: Muscular Control of Turning and Maneuvering in Jellyfish Bells Alexander Hoover, Laura Miller, Boyce Griffith Jellyfish represent one of the earliest and simplest examples of swimming by a macroscopic organism. Contractions of an elastic bell that expels water are driven by coronal swimming muscles. The re-expansion of the bell is passively driven by stored elastic energy. A current question in jellyfish propulsion is how the underlying neuromuscular organization of their bell allows for maneuvering. Using an immersed boundary framework, we will examine the mechanics of swimming by incorporating material models that are informed by the musculature present in jellyfish into a model of the elastic jellyfish bell in three dimensions. The fully-coupled fluid structure interaction problem is solved using an adaptive and parallelized version of the immersed boundary method (IBAMR). We then use this model to understand how variability in the muscular activation patterns allows for complicated swimming behavior, such as steering. We will compare the results of the simulations with the actual turning maneuvers of several species of jellyfish. Numerical flow fields will also be compared to those produced by actual jellyfish using particle image velocimetry (PIV). [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 4:53PM - 5:06PM |
L12.00007: A flow visualization study of single-arm sculling movement emulating cephalopod thrust generation Asimina Kazakidi, Ebenezer P. Gnanamanickam, Dimitris P. Tsakiris, John A. Ekaterinaris In addition to jet propulsion, octopuses use arm-swimming motion as an effective means of generating bursts of thrust, for hunting, defense, or escape. The individual role of their arms, acting as thrust generators during this motion, is still under investigation, in view of an increasing robotic interest for alternative modes of propulsion, inspired by the octopus. Computational studies have revealed that thrust generation is associated with complex vortical flow patterns in the wake of the moving arm, however further experimental validation is required. Using the hydrogen bubble technique, we studied the flow disturbance around a single octopus-like robotic arm, undergoing two-stroke sculling movements in quiescent fluid. Although simplified, sculling profiles have been found to adequately capture the fundamental kinematics of the octopus arm-swimming behavior. In fact, variation of the sculling parameters alters considerably the generation of forward thrust. Flow visualization revealed the generation of complex vortical structures around both rigid and compliant arms. Increased disturbance was evident near the tip, particularly at the transitional phase between recovery and power strokes. These results are in good qualitative agreement with computational and robotic studies. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 5:06PM - 5:19PM |
L12.00008: Optimality of Metachronal Paddling in Crustacean Swimming Robert Guy, Calvin Zhang, Timothy Lewis Crayfish and other long-tailed crustaceans swim by rhythmically moving four or five pairs of limbs. Despite variations in limb size and stroke frequency, movements of ipsilateral limbs always maintain a tail-to-head metachronal rhythm with an approximate quarter-period inter-limb phase difference. Relatively few studies have examined the fluid dynamics of metachronal limb stroke for the range of Reynolds numbers at which crustaceans operate. Here, we use a computational fluid dynamics model to explore the performance of different paddling rhythms. We show that the natural tail-to-head metachronal rhythm with an approximate quarter-period phase difference is the most effective and efficient rhythm across a wide range of Reynolds numbers. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 5:19PM - 5:32PM |
L12.00009: Shrimp theorem: paddle swimming at low Reynolds number Daisuke Takagi A large variety of aquatic organisms, such as small planktonic crustaceans, use multiple legs as paddles; however the resultant dynamics and efficiency of locomotion are not yet clear. I will present a simple model of swimming with multiple pairs of stiff legs. The legs are assumed to oscillate in a metachronal pattern in a model based on slender-body theory for Stokes flow. The model predicts locomotion in the direction of the metachronal wave, as frequently observed in nature. Unlike scallops undergoing reciprocal motion, shrimp can swim at low Reynolds number. This study offers a possible explanation why crustaceans thrive in aquatic environments, and could inspire a new generation of powerful biomimetic robots. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 5:32PM - 5:45PM |
L12.00010: Interactions of Copepods with Fractal-Grid Generated Turbulence based on Tomo-PIV and 3D-PTV Zhengzhong Sun, Daniel Krizan, Ellen Longmire A copepod escapes from predation by sensing fluid motion caused by the predator. It is thought that the escape reaction is elicited by a threshold value of the maximum principal strain rate (MPSR) in the flow. The present experimental work attempts to investigate and quantify the MPSR threshold value. In the experiment, copepods interact with turbulence generated by a fractal grid in a recirculating channel. The turbulent flow is measured by time-resolved Tomo-PIV, while the copepod motion is tracked simultaneously through 3D-PTV. Escape reactions are detected based on copepod trajectories and velocity vectors, while the surrounding hydrodynamic information is retrieved from the corresponding location in the 3D instantaneous flow field. Measurements are performed at three locations downstream of the fractal grid, such that various turbulence levels can be achieved. Preliminary results show that the number of escape reactions decreases at locations with reduced turbulence levels, where shorter jump distances and smaller change of swimming orientation are exhibited. Detailed quantitative results of MPSR threshold values and the dynamics of copepod escape will be presented. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 5:45PM - 5:58PM |
L12.00011: Time-resolved Tomographic PIV Measurements of Water Flea Hopping: Body Size Comparison A.N. Skipper, D.W. Murphy, D.R. Webster, J. Yen The flow field of the freshwater crustacean \textit{Daphnia magna} is quantified with time-resolved tomographic PIV. In the current work, we compare body kinematics and flow disturbance between organisms of small (body length $=$ 1.8 mm) versus medium (2.3 mm) versus large (2.65 mm) size. These plankters are equipped with a pair of antennae that are biramous such that the protopodite splits or branches into an exopodite and an endopodite. They beat the antennae pair synchronously to impulsively propel themselves, or `hop,' through the water. The stroke cycle of \textit{Daphnia magna} is roughly 80 ms in duration and this period is evenly split between the power and recovery strokes. A typical hop carries the daphniid one body length forward and is followed by a period of sinking. Unlike copepod escape motion, no body vortex is observed in front of the animal. Rather, the flow induced by each antennae consists of a viscous vortex ring that demonstrates a slow decay. The time-record of velocity (peak of 40 mm/s for the medium specimen) and hop acceleration (1.8 m/s$^{2}$ for the medium specimen) are compared, as well as the strength, size, and decay of the induced viscous vortex rings. The viscous vortex ring analysis will be presented in the context of a double Stokeslet model consisting of two impulsively applied point forces separated by the animal width. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 24, 2014 5:58PM - 6:11PM |
L12.00012: ABSTRACT WITHDRAWN |
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