Session B11: V: Precision Measurements and Metrology

An Alternative Approach to the Proton Radius Puzzle

Rydberg-state transitions in atomic hydrogen are calculated as an alternative route to addressing the proton radius puzzle without the need of taking into account cross-damping terms and details of experimental line shapes. The proton radius puzzle concerns the discrepancy in the determination of the root-mean-square proton radius from muonic hydrogen transitions versus other experiments that involve both electron scattering as well as precision measurements of transitions in ordinary atomic hydrogen. Specifically, since 2018, certain measurements of atomic hydrogen transitions have resulted in a reported proton radius between, roughly, 0.86 and 0.88 fermi, while muonic hydrogen experiments indicate a value of roughly 0.84 fermi, consistent with other recent measurements that support a smaller proton radius. Many of the precision measurements that indicate a smaller proton radius heavily rely on a very involved analysis of the experimental line shape, which in some cases has to be split to better than one permille in order to access the proton radius. Combining recent theoretical calculations of QED effects and recent advances in laser technology, we find that, with moderate effort, Rydberg-state transitions between atomic hydrogen states with principal quantum numbers around n=18, could lead to a conclusive resolution of the proton radius puzzle, without the need of an excessive splitting of the resonance line. It is crucial to observe that the Rydberg constant and the proton radius are linked through high-precision spectroscopy.   

Isotope shift spectroscopy for enhanced bounds on physics beyond the Standard Model

We consider the impact of combining precision spectroscopic measurements made in atomic hydrogen with similar measurements made in atomic deuterium on the search for physics beyond the Standard Model. Specifically we consider the wide class of models that can be described by an effective Yukawa-type interaction between the nucleus and the electron. It is possible, using existing data, to set bounds on new light-mass bosons that are orders of magnitude more sensitive than those set using a single isotope only, provided the interaction couples differently to the deuteron and proton. Further enhancements of these bounds would be made possible by extending the current measurements of the isotope shift of the 1s_1/2 -- 2s_1/2 transition frequency to that of a transition between the 2s_1/2 state and a Rydberg s-state. We also discuss the impact of a new physics interaction on the isotope shift in helium.   

Enhanced Performance of Elliptically Polarized SERF Atomic Magnetometers through Optical Parameter Optimization and Light Frequency Modulation

Elliptically polarized spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometers (AMs) are promising sensors for biomagnetism measurements due to their compact structure and high sensitivity. However, their practical advantages over single-beam circularly polarized SERF AMs remain unfully demonstrated, attributed to the use of a single beam of far-resonance elliptically polarized light. This leads to complex coupling, as ellipticity, intensity, and frequency simultaneously influence the pumping and detection processes, and an unavoidable fictitious magnetic field induced by AC-Stark shift and its gradient exist. To solve them, we improve elliptically polarized SERF AMs by decoupling and optimizing optical parameters, while concurrently suppressing the fictitious magnetic field. We first refine the input-output model by considering not only the first-harmonic of longitudinal polarization but also the DC and second-harmonic components. Based on the modified model, we simultaneously decouple and optimize the major axis orientation, ellipticity, intensity, and frequency of light by assessing their dependencies on light intensity. This approach led to an improved sensitivity of 6 fT/Hz^1/2, demonstrated in a ⁸⁷Rb vapor cell measuring 3×3×3 mm³. Furthermore, we implemented symmetric frequency modulation on the pump light, transforming the fictitious magnetic field and its gradient into a modulated field to alleviate their effects. This modulation also contributed to a reduction in low-frequency sensitivity by isolating slow fluctuations in light. The improved elliptically polarized SERF AMs hold promise for practical applications, especially in array-based biomagnetism measurements.   

Quantum metrology using levitated magnets

There has been much interest in testing the quantum nature of gravity through table-top opto-mechanical experiments. In particular levito-dynamic systems have been proposed as ultrasensitive force and acceleration sensors and could thus also become a strong candidate for testing the possibility of entangling two massive objects via the gravitational field. These levito-dynamic set-ups promise low decoherence environments which should allow us to probe the quantum dynamics of massive mechanical objects. We present recent theoretical developments for experimental set-ups which utilise a system of massive particles levitated in superconducting traps. Coupling these mechanical oscillators via gravity harbours the promise of new types of high fidelity measurement of Newton's constant, as well as providing a new and promising play ground for testing different quantum models.   

Schwarzschild radius for electric charge

The aim of this work is to prove the formula for the Schwarzschild radius analog in case of a static spherically symmetric electric charge. In this paper, the electric charge definition is given. The work contains two elegant proofs of the formula for the gravitational radius and for its analog in the case of an electric charge. The author mathematically proves that the Schwarzschild radius formula should not have a multiplier of 2. Proposed by the author in 2006 the relationship formula between the electric charge and the energy of this electric charge was applied in the proof of the formula for the Schwarzschild radius analog in case of a static spherically symmetric electric charge. And the results are another confirmation of the statement validity about the electric charge equivalence and its energy. An analysis was carried out on the correspondence of the formula for the Schwarzschild radius analog in case of a static spherically symmetric electric charge to the Reissner-Nordström and Schwarzschild solutions results and it is shown that they are in full agreement with each other. The radiation temperature expression is proposed for a spherically symmetric black hole with a static electric charge, but without rotation. An expression is obtained for the particles production probability estimating in a static electric field of a black hole. An expression is obtained for the entropy of a spherically symmetric black hole, due to its electric charge. The author proposes the Coulomb’s law application limit explanation. The author explains the existence possibility of long-lived charged black holes. This work proposes an (thermodynamics, electricity and gravity) formulas converting method, which allows finding unknown dependencies in physics. This work is another step towards the standardization of physics and its formulas and to some general approach in the problems solving from completely different sections of physics.   

Toward rotation-mediated bosonic Josephson junctions in position and momentum spaces

The ground state of a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate in a two-dimensional anharmonic--anisotropic trap potential is analyzed numerically at the infinite-particle-number limit. First, we show that the density in position space splits into two bosonic clouds along the $x$ direction and, side by side, the density in momentum space splits into two clouds along the $p_y$ direction. The resulting unusually-split bosonic cloud can thus be interpreted as living in effective double-well potentials both in position and momentum spaces, which opens up the idea to look for Josephson-junction dynamics both in position and momentum spaces. Furthermore, the bosons exhibit unique correlations. To this end, it is demonstrated that the anisotropies of the many-particle position and momentum variances become opposite when computed at the many-body and mean-field levels of theory with an increase in the rotation frequency, despite the system being $100\%$ condensed. Implications for and examples of out-of-equilibrium properties of rotating bosons undergoing Josephson-junction dynamics in barrierless traps are presented and discussed.   

Fast generation of multi-componant cat states under resonant Rydberg driving Kerr Hamiltonian

The nonlinear interaction among Rydberg atoms has been used for many-body physics [1-4], and Quantum information [5-14]. In many-body physics to isolate the quadratic order of nonlinearity, the operation was limited to far of resonant laser transition, known as the weak dressing regime. This talk discusses the cat state formation under resonant Rydberg driving Hamiltonian [15]. The resonance regime significantly enhances the interaction-to-loss ratio while circumventing the adiabaticity condition allowing fast switching. Additionally, the talk will introduce the scheme for making a superposition of m coherent spin states (|m-CSS>), where the maximum m is determined by the number of atoms within the blockade radius . The states with larger m are more robust against the presence of multiple orders of nonlinearity in the strong dressing Hamiltonian and are accessible at a much shorter time compared to the traditional 2-component cat states.

 

References:

 

Unaccounted energy aspects of the gravifrequency and electromagnetic interactions

Oleksandr Lunin,Yevhen Lunin
Independent researcher, str. Sholom Aleikhema, 23, Kherson, 73000, Ukraine
E-mail: btkza@ukr.net

ABSTRACT

In this work:
- the electric charge definition is formulated;
- the refined formula of the electric charge non-invariance is given;
- the electric charge momentum conservation law is obtained;
- the angular momentum conservation law for electric charge is obtained;
- the frequency moment definition (the magnetic moment analog) is formulated in gravidynamics;
- Steiner's theorem for electrodynamics is formulated;
- the rotational motion dynamics equation is constructed for electric charge;
- the formula for the kinetic energy of the rotational motion of an electric charge is constructed;
- a Planck's formula analog for the magnetic field was obtained;
- another kind of uncertainty relation was obtained;
- formula for the interval between two events is constructed in the electric charge space;
- a Reynolds number analog for electromagnetism is obtained;
- the experiments results on finding the Reynolds number in electrodynamics are given.
Key words: the angular momentum of electric charge, the rotational motion dynamics equation
for electric charge, a Planck's formula for the magnetic field, a Reynolds number in
electrodynamics.